<p>The Downtown Cohoes Historic District takes up 35 acre of the city of Cohoes, New York, United States. Many of the 165 contributing properties date from the 1820-1930 period when the Erie Canal and Harmony Mills were the mainstay of the citys economy. It was recognized as a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. After years of neglect and decline, it has recently started to see an upswing in business activity due to its historic character and the citys efforts to protect it.</p><br>
<p>It is a roughly triangular area encompassing most of the city&#39;s business district, along the axes of Ontario and Remsen streets. Most of its buildings are contributing properties, with only a few late 20th-century intrusions; most of those are residential or commercial and in-use but they also include several churches, factories, a train station and the city hall. They range in architectural styles from Federal to Art Moderne.</p><br>
<p>One building within the district, Cohoes Music Hall, was listed on the National Register before the creation of the district. Another National Register listing, the Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church, was demolished in 1998. A similar fate befell a church building designed by Richard Upjohn after it burned in 1894, but its rectory survives.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Oneida Street on the north and the former Delaware and Hudson Railroad (now CSX) tracks on the east. On the west it takes the form of an irregular diagonal beginning at the intersection of Columbia and Remsen streets at the southeast, cutting through the middle of several blocks, and ending at Ontario and Olmstead streets in the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Directly adjacent to this northeastern corner is the separately-designated Olmstead Street Historic District, which includes the Ogden Mill and row houses built for textile workers, a short distance to the northeast. To the north and east flow the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Most of the land in the district is developed in the form of commercial and industrial buildings, with a few churches and Cohoes&#39;s city hall. There are some vacant lots on the edges, most notably the former canal bed at the northeast corner. The land is relatively level, reflecting the nearby river confluence.</p><br>
<p>The main route through the district is NY 470, which follows Ontario Street. It leads east to Troy across the river via the 112th Street Bridge and west to Colonie. The north-south routes 32 and 787 are located along the Hudson, just to the immediate east of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its settlement in the 17th century through the years after independence, Cohoes was a quiet farming community inhabited by a few families of Dutch descent. When outsiders came to Cohoes, it was to see the Cohoes Falls along the Mohawk, the source of the town&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the canal from 1817 to 1832 changed that. There were less than 25 buildings in the current district before 1831, but industrialization had already begun with some mills along the Mohawk. One, the Cohoes Company, began building the smaller local canal system that would provide power to many of the early businesses.</p><br>
<p>By 1837 the canal had been so successful that the company spent five years acquiring land for and then building the newer Enlarged Erie Canal, to handle larger shipping. The route, and several locks, can still be seen and followed from the northeast corner of the district to Lock 18 near the western city limit. Main Street today follows the original canal bed. In the northern part of the city, former land of the original Erie Canal was reacquired in 1846 by the Cohoes Company for its local power canal system.</p><br>
<p>The canals success led to the population of the town doubling in the 1840s, and a corresponding building boom. As a result the town incorporated as a village, electing its first board in 1848. At this time most of todays streets were mapped and laid out. The district was the only developed area of town; it was surrounded by farmland. The railroad was built, further extending the reach of local industry and creating more jobs.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the century, particularly once the Civil War had ended, the textile industrys growth in the town fueled another boom. The first mill, the Troy Manufacturing Co., was opened on Ontario Street in 1843. It was thought to be the first in the country devoted to manufacturing hosiery and knit products. It failed within a decade, but a new owner took over and Cohoes went from three mills in 1852 to 27 by 1886, employing 4,000 people. The thousand-foot (300 m) Harmony Mills complex was the worlds largest cotton processing facility when it opened in 1872, and later came to be identified with the town.</p><br>
<p>The earlier growth expanded, and by 1870 11,100 had settled in the village. That year it reincorporated as a city. The new construction, and reconstruction and expansion of existing properties, brought new homes and churches to the downtown area. One of the latter, St. Johns Episcopal Church, was designed by Richard Upjohn, the architect of many of Americas notable churches from that era, and built in 1870. It was destroyed by fire a quarter-century later, and replaced by a newer building but its rectory remains in use. The Music Hall, the district&#39;s best Second Empire-style building, was opened in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Kansas state architect J.C. Holland designed the Romanesque/Chateauesque City Hall in 1896. It was complemented by the Romanesque Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church (since demolished), named by local benefactor Horace Silliman for his parents and opened the same year just across the street.</p><br>
<p>Downtown was mostly built out by the start of the 20th century, but there are still some notable bank buildings from that period in the contemporary Classical Revival style. Construction slowed after World War I, reflecting the decline of the industries that had fueled the citys growth in the previous century. The Mechanics Bank and Cohoes Theatre, the latter designed and built in the 1930s (although not opened until 1941), are the only buildings downtown in the ModerneModerne style.</p><br>
<p>The onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s halted all construction and put an end to Cohoes&#39; days as an industrial center. At the same time, it meant that no alterations would take place to existing buildings, leaving them intact (if often vacant and neglected) for when the district was added to the Register 50 years later.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>All but ten of the 175 properties within the district are considered sufficiently historic to be contributing to its overall character. They include residences, commercial buildings (including some factories) churches, the city hall, post office and former train station.</p><br>
<h3>Residential</h3><br>
<p>2-4 White Street, an 1820s Federal style frame house, is one of the few pre-industrial buildings in the district and among the oldest houses in Cohoes.</p><br>
<p>Van Auken House, 115 Mohawk Street. This was the home of textile executive David Van Auken, a brick Second Empire home with exceptional Eastlake detail, a touch rare in Cohoes, built in 1873.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church Rectory, 169 Mohawk Street. A brick and stone hipped-roofed building designed in 1870 by Richard Upjohns firm in the Victorian Gothic style, it survives the parent church, destroyed in an 1894 fire.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial/Industrial</h3><br>
<p>205 Remsen Street. Three-story, six-bay building with dentil molding erected in the 1840s during canal boom is the largest Federal-style building remaining in the district.</p><br>
<p>Carter Block, 57-63 Remsen Street. 1850 building with square pilasters, frieze, modillioned cornice and parapet railing is the best Greek Revival building in district.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Savings Bank, 75 Remsen Street. Well-developed Beaux-Arts bank building built in 1904 and expanded 19 years later.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Music Hall, 58 Remsen Street. The one outstanding Second Empire building in the district, dating to 1874 and listed on the National Register in its own right in 1971. Four-story brick building with mansard roof, hood moldings, stone courses and marble storefront is one of the most ornate and best-preserved commercial facades in the district.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Theatre, White and Remsen streets. Only major building in district in ModerneArt Moderne style, with typical overhanging multiple hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Delaware and Hudson Railroad Station, 127 Canvass Street. Well-preserved 1883 Queen Anne building</p><br>
<p>Troy Manufacturing Mill, 302 Ontario Street. Four-story gabled mill was the first textile mill in the city when built in 1843 and possibly the first mill in the country that manufactured hosiery and knit products.</p><br>
<h3>Institutional</h3><br>
<p>City Hall, Ontario and Mohawk streets.Romanesque/Chateauesque building designed by J.C. Holland in 1895 has long been a city landmark. Features grey limestone in smooth-coursed ashlar alternating with bands of more rougher facing, conical-roofed round towers and ornamental crests and finials.</p><br>
<p>St. Bernard&#39;s Roman Catholic Church, 107 Ontario Street. Large brick Romanesque church, built in the 1860s, has an enclosed garden. Originally had a 200 foot spire that collapsed during an 1875 storm.</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, now the Cohoes Public Library, 169 Mohawk Street. Incorporates remaining manse from destroyed Richard Upjohn design.</p><br>
<h3>Demolished</h3><br>
<p>Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church, Ontario and Mohawk streets. Facing city hall and built the same year, this Romanesque Revival sandstone structure was an excellent example of the style. It was listed on the National Register in 1971 but was demolished in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and renewal</h2><br>
<p>The historic buildings have been attractive to some redevelopers as the city continues efforts to recover from the decline of its major industries and redefine itself as a bedroom community for Albany. "The revitalization of Remsen Street is the keystone to the City&#39;s future success", said a 2002 city plan for improving and revitalizing downtown. It recommended a $3.1 million plan to improve the streets and lighting in the district, with an emphasis on preserving or restoring its historic character.</p><br>
<p>The city has made some grants available for facade restoration and improvements to the rental properties above the storefronts with the goal of promoting a mix of uses among office, residential and retail. The Capital District Transportation Committee did a study that used the downtown historic district in its "Linkage" program as one of three "corridors" in Cohoes in which it recommended changes that could be made to stimulate redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>Within three years during the 2000s the value of construction projects with city issued building permits increased almost fivefold. Many of the businesses that have located in the city have been niche and specialty retailers. By 2006, there was over a million dollars in private investment downtown. A Rite Aid was built on the lot at the west edge of the district known as Bush&#39;s Block, on the site of the former Victor Carrybag building.</p><br>
<p>To ensure that new construction preserves the character of the historic district, the city has enacted a "historic overlay district" within its zoning code which includes all the citys historic areas. The code requires that any new construction or redevelopment affecting an exterior or interior space visible from outside be approved by the citys Historic Preservation and Architectural Review Board, to ensure that contributing properties &#39;"historic features altered as little as possible."</p><br>
<p>Braddock Peak is a mountain summit in the Never Summer Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 11,972 ft peak is located in State Forest State Park, 4.8 km south-southwest  of Cameron Pass in Jackson County, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Braddock Peak lies 1.3 mi east-northeast of Seven Utes Mountain, 1.3 mi west of Snow Lake, and 1.7 mi north of the boundary of Routt National Forest and the Never Summer Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>It is named for Dr. William A. Braddock (1929–2003), Professor of Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1958 to 1994. Dr. Braddock and his students geologically mapped over 750 square miles of the northern Front Range, including the summit named for him. He was the principal author of The Geologic Map of Rocky Mountain National Park. Following his retirement, Dr. Braddock taught the lay public about the geology in and around Rocky Mountain National Park.</p><br>
<p>Descriptions of hiking routes in this area that predate adoption of the Braddock Peak name refer to this summit as Point 11,960.</p><br>
<p>The Green Exchange is a sustainable and green retail and office development project in the Logan Square community area of Chicago, Illinois that is designed to house eco-friendly businesses and organizations. Developers of the building have been awarded LEED Platinum status for their rehabilitation of a historic landmark four-story manufacturing facility originally built in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The retail and office space is open to the public and is intended to serve as an important Midwest destination for green consumers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Green Exchange occupies the former Frederick Cooper Lamp Company building, built in 1914, and originally home to the Vassar Swiss Underwear Company. Cooper bought the building in 1967 and in 2005, relocated to China.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Cooper announced it was closing down the factory in Chicago. In order to keep the building from being turned into condominiums, the Logan Square Neighborhood Association (LSNA), a grass-roots community organization, organized neighbors, veteran Cooper workers, and the USA Green Building Council to form the Cooper Lamps Task Force.</p><br>
<p>As Cooper began to lay off workers during the summer of 2005, the Task Force negotiated for severance benefits from the owners and applied for enhanced job-training from the city. With the support of 1st Ward Alderman Manuel Flores for a jobs-focused use for the plant, the building was sold to Baum Development, LLC, a triple bottom line commercial developer who agreed to pursue a use for the building that would create jobs.</p><br>
<p>Baum Development worked with the Commission on Chicago Landmarks and the National Park Service to win landmark protection for the building. Ninety-six percent of the original building structure was rehabilitated and maintained to preserve this landmark structure.Jeanette Almada, December 9, 2007, "Green Exchange taking the next step," Chicago Tribune</p><br>
<p>Three times larger than the Jean Vollum Natural Capital Center in Portland, OR, Green Exchange is the country’s largest sustainable business community. According to David Baum, one of the developers, "In order to be a tenant in Green Exchange, you must be doing something to advance the green marketplace.”</p><br>
<p>Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley has described the project as “a great example of the public-private partnerships that are working together to help make Chicago one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the nation.”</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Green Exchange is located at 2545 West Diversey Avenue alongside the Kennedy Expressway, from which the building’s iconic four story clock tower can be seen. The tower underwent significant rehabilitation in 2008 to restore the façade’s original architectural ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The building‘s conversion has been headed by Hartshorne Plunkard Architecture. The first and second floors have retail stores and showrooms while the third and fourth floors are for shared and individual office spaces. Additional tenant amenities include bike rooms, showers and environmentally friendly meeting and event space.</p><br>
<p>The 272,000 ft&sup2, four story building is U-shaped, divided into two wings separated by a courtyard. This layout allows natural light to penetrate from more than 600 windows that surround the building. The roof of the parking structure features a 8,041 ft&sup2; sky garden that is accessible from the second floor. Rain is collected in a 41,329-gallon cistern underneath the ground floor and used to irrigate plants and grass on the roof and the working organic garden at grade level.</p><br>
<p>The building lowers utility costs in part due to a building envelope consisting of highly insulated walls and roofs combined with 600 high performance windows. The escalator slows down when no one is using it, thereby reducing energy usage by as much as 30 percent when compared to standard models.</p><br>
<p>A sophisticated computerized Intelli-Building Automated Building Controls System with over five miles of wire and conduit controls the energy efficient HVAC mechanical system that allows for individualized control of tenant spaces and increased occupant comfort. CO2 sensors and motion sensors in each of the 250 plus comfort zones insure the tenants are breathing fresh air, along with saving energy. Variable speed frequency drives (VFDs) control every pump and blower motor averaging a 30% savings over conventional systems. Building engineers operate the building via laptops and tablets thru standard web browsers.</p><br>
<p>Non-toxic construction materials and coatings improve the indoor air quality.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Green Exchange has a variety of unique features, including a sky garden, an on-site restaurant, an expansive meeting & event space, a rooftop apiary featuring five beehives, and an adjacent urban farm that provides food for the on-site restaurant and tenants of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>LEED Platinum Certification, established by the USA Green Building Council (USGBC) and verified by the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI).</p><br>
<p>National Historic Landmark Status was awarded in 2007 for having met all National Park Service guidelines for historic rehabilitation, thereby placing the building on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Chicago Landmark Status designated by the City of Chicago on July 30, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Bruce Abrams Award given in 2012 by the Chicago Association of Realtors. The highest honor presented at the Good Neighbor Awards, awarded for "quality construction, service to a special population, green benefits, market value and architectural significance".</p><br>
<p>Merit Award for Commercial Design and Landscape, awarded in 2013 by the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA).</p><br>
<p>Outstanding For-Profit Neighborhood Real Estate Project Award, won at the 2013 Chicago Neighborhood Development Awards (CNDA).</p><br>
<p>Preservation Excellence Award: Exterior Rehabilitation and Adaptive Reuse awarded for the rehabilitation and reuse of the former Vassar Swiss Underwear Co. Building into the Green Exchange. Given by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks at the 2014 Chicago Landmark Awards for Preservation Excellence, in recognition of the projects "exceptional commitment to Chicagos historic architecture".</p><br>
<p>Richel , or rather De Richel , is a permanently dry sandbank in the Wadden Sea, in the gap between the Dutch islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. It is located about 1 kilometer east of the northernmost point of Vlieland and is administered by the municipality of Vlieland. The sandbank has an average surface area of 116 hectares. It is completely flooded only during extremely high tides.</p><br>
<p>The island is primarily known as the most important breeding place in the Wadden Sea for grey seals. More than 300 pups are born on Richel in winter. In summer seals seem to prefer areas more sheltered from human contact. The sandbank is also important as a breeding and feeding area for ringed plovers, Kentish plovers, little terns and other bird species.</p><br>
<p>Richel is uninhabited and virtually barren. It is too low to support any permanent vegetation. The sandbank is only able to support some temporary colonisation by the grass species sand couch (Elytrigia juncea).</p><br>
<p>The ferry between Harlingen and Vlieland passes by Richel, making a detour around the sandbank. During low tide, it is possible to walk to the sandbank from Vlieland (see mudflat hiking) although Richel is off-limits to humans due to its importance as a nature area. Boat trips from Vlieland used to be organised daily during the summer tourist season to observe the seal population on Richel.</p><br>
<p>The Madison Range is a mountain range located in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho in the United States. The range was named in honor of future President of the United States, then USA Secretary of State James Madison by Meriwether Lewis as the Lewis and Clark Expedition travelled through Montana in 1805. The range extends 80 mi from West Yellowstone, Montana to Bozeman, Montana and is flanked by the Madison River on the west and the Gallatin River to the east. The highest point in the range is Hilgard Peak at 11,316 ft, a remote peak that wasn&#39;t climbed until 1948.</p><br>
<p>The Madison Range is the westernmost section of what is collectively referred to as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Most of the range lies within Beaverhead-Deerlodge and Gallatin National Forests. A small portion of the range has been further protected with the creation of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness. The region has grizzly and black bears and at least one pack of wolves. Most other larger mammal species native to the region continue to exist in the range.</p><br>
<p>Quake Lake lies not far to the south of Hilgard Peak. The lake was created by a landslide which dammed the Madison River at the time of the M7.5 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake.</p><br>
<p>Teal Park is a public greenspace in Horseheads, New York. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and is contained within the Horseheads 1855 Extension Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was donated to the town in 1807. In 1910, political cartoonist Eugene Zimmerman, a resident of the town, designed the bandstand still standing today, known as the Zim Bandstand. The park is adjacent to the Zimmerman House, which was Eugene&#39;s home.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>During the summer, Teal Park is home to the Horseheads farmer&#39;s market which meets on every Saturday from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. A concert series is held in the park every Thursday starting on the last Thursday of June, and ending in August.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Oscar Owre House is a historic house located at 2625 Newton Venue South just north of Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was designed by notable local architects Purcell, Feick & Elmslie in the Prairie School style.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Oscar Owre was a professor at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. The house is generally cube-shaped but extends outward through a series of porches. The front porch is glassed-in and provides a good view of the lake. It shares some design features with the nearby William Gray Purcell House, including the low, overhanging eaves, bands of windows, and the side entry.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Owre and his wife, Katherine, were concerned that the house would come in over its budget. William Purcell later wrote, "Oscar was scared to death that this building was going to cost him more than he could afford, and had been told by all his friends that every building operation carried on by an architect was loaded with heartbreaking extras which would spoil all his fun, if not ruin him financially." Fortunately for the Owres, the house actually came in under budget, at $17,275. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church, now Redeemer Missionary Baptist Church, is a Prairie School church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the Lyndale neighborhood. The Prairie School architecture was uncommon for use in churches. This church, which has a flat roof and broad eaves, but lacks a bell tower and other traditional church features, was inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois. It was designed by the firm of Purcell & Feick before George Grant Elmslie became a partner of the firm. The congregation was an offshoot of First Presbyterian Church and was named after the Reverend David Stewart.</p><br>
<p>The main portion of the church is organized around a cube-shaped auditorium with light provided by a wall of eastward-facing green-tinted windows. It has a narrower section with a deep balcony that extends to the south. Decoration is relatively modest, consisting mainly of wood strips in geometric patterns. The exterior is faced in brick and stucco. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 1988, Redeemer Missionary Baptist Church bought the building and raised over $2 million for restoration and renovation.</p><br>
<p>Camarillo Ranch House, also known as Rancho Calleguas and Adolfo Camarillo House, is a Queen Anne-style Victorian house in Camarillo, California. Built in 1892, the 6,000 ft&sup2; house was designed by architects Herman Anlauf and Franklin Ward., Adolfo Camarillo operated the ranch for 78 years, changing the operations from mostly cattle to crops. He was a leading innovator growing lima beans, barley, corn, alfalfa, walnuts, citrus and eucalyptus trees. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Juan was a member of the Hijar-Padres Expedition to California in 1834 and he settled in Ventura in 1857. In 1876, Juan Camarillo (1812–1880) bought the 10,000 acre Rancho Calleguas in eastern Ventura County from Jose Pedro Ruiz for $3,000 in gold.</p><br>
<h3>Legal battles for control of the Rancho</h3><br>
<p>Juan Camarillo died in 1880, and Martina Camarillo in 1898. In 1891, Martina had deeded the Rancho to her sons, Adolfo and Juan, Jr. It was also alleged that Adolfo had forced Juan to leave the country upon threats of exposure of his "private acts" that would cause disgrace and scandal. Juan testified that his sister sought to blackmail him by threatening to send him to prison for "an infamous crime," and a grandson testified that he saw Adolfo "mysteriously place a paper in Mrs. Camarillo&#39;s tin box within a few minutes after her death."</p><br>
<h3>Adolfo Z. Camarillo</h3><br>
<p>Following Juan’s death in 1880, his oldest son, Adolfo Camarillo (1864–1958) took over the ranch operations at the age of sixteen and turned it into "the largest bean ranch in the world." The Ranch House was built in 1892 under instruction of Adolfo Camarillo using Architects Franklin Ward and Herman Anlauf. Adolfo would have preferred to have built a home in Spanish style due to his background, but the homes surrounding the area were owned by Eastern Europeans. Despite his 4’11 stature, he was highly respected within his community, and could be seen frequently riding his pure bred white stallions. Adolfo’s wife Isabella, who strived to fit into this new environment, would entertain guests with tea, jam, and tortillas. She enjoyed the English’ culture, and worked to infuse her own culture into it as well. Adolfo Camarillo himself had to have fresh tortillas every morning for breakfast. The Camarillo family had multiple servants who worked and lived on the ranch with them. A large hallway, also known as a breezeway, separates the living quarters between the servants and the rest of the family.</p><br>
<p>Adolfo Camarillo became one of the wealthiest landowners in the county, and in 1911 he was elected chairman of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors. He also served as a member of the State Board of Agriculture. For 78 years, Adolfo operated the Camarillo Ranch, changing the operations from mostly cattle to crops. He was a leading innovator growing lima beans, barley, corn, alfalfa, walnuts, citrus and eucalyptus trees. Adolfo, sometimes referred to as “The Last Spanish Don,” was a leader within the community and a heavy donator that helped shape the City of Camarillo.</p><br>
<h3>Sale and subdivision of the Rancho</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, the family put the vast ranch property up for sale. An initial sale of 5,500 acre in 1963 fell through, but the ranch was eventually sold off and its vast ranch lands developed into the housing tracts and commercial and industrial centers of modern Camarillo. The Camarillo family retained about 100 acre, including the old ranch house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and use as the center of ranch operations</h2><br>
<p>After receiving title to the Rancho from his mother in 1891, Adolfo Camarillo hired architects Herman Anlauf and Franklin Ward in 1892 to build a 6,000 ft&sup2; Queen-Anne style Victorian house. They also designed the House at Faulkner Farm near Santa Paula. The house has two turrets, a large veranda and sprawling lawns. Adolfo also planted many varieties of trees, including eucalyptus trees, around the house. The Camarillo Ranch House, as it is now known, became the center of the sprawling Rancho Calleguas for the next 70 years. From the ranch house, Adolfo oversaw the Rancho&#39;s production of lima beans, walnuts, and citrus.</p><br>
<p>Despite the Camarillo Ranch House’s ideal location in Southern California, back in the early 1900s the home struggled to stay warm. Almost every room in the house has a fireplace in it. Adolfo looked to technology as a way to remedy problems that would arise on the ranch. He was the first farmer to ever purchase a refrigerator, which at that time, would take up an entire room in the house. However, he was able to safely store perishables for the first time in his life. He also had multiple heaters installed throughout the house in hopes of providing more warmth to his family. The most beautiful room in the Camarillo Ranch house belonged to Adolfo&#39;s middle daughter Carmen. Carmen was an avid equestrian who learned how to care for and maintain the horses from the Ranch Manager, Meliton Ortiz. Up until Meliton Ortiz’ death in 2010, he would visit the Camarillo Ranch House frequently to provide stories and details about his life growing up on the ranch. The home was remodeled in 1914, when the oldest daughter Carmen married. They opened many rooms by taking down walls and changing the stair design. The grand parlor had the greatest changes from this, causing it to go from multiple to rooms to one giant open grand parlor. This was in the hopes that it would open up the house more.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, The Firm of Lopez Architects, A.I.A, of Camarillo, CA, provided a Historic Preservation Rehabilation to the House. Under the direction of Principal, Craig J. Lopez, A.I.A. the home was seismically upgraded, and replicated to its original room, exterior porch configuration and High Victorian exterior style. Between 1999-2000 the City of Camarillo and the Camarillo Ranch Foundation worked together to complete a $1.5 million restoration of the house, barn and stables. With its completion in 2001, the three-story, fourteen-room Queen Anne Victorian home is a fully furnished museum that provides tours and holds events.</p><br>
<h2>White Arabian stallions</h2><br>
<p>The Camarillo Ranch is known for the white Arabian parade stallions bred by Adolfo that he rode in the annual Fiesta of Santa Barbara dressed in colorful Spanish costume.</p><br>
<h2>Recent use of the Ranch house</h2><br>
<p>In 1998, the Camarillo Planning Commission approved a zoning change to allow an industrial park to be built around the Camarillo Ranch House, but conditioned the approval on the developer&#39;s donating the ranch house, barn and 4.4 acre to the city. The city then renovated the house and opened it to the public in 2001 as a museum and site for receptions and other functions. The house is operated by the nonprofit Camarillo Ranch Foundation. The renovation cost $1.5 million and was also made possible by volunteers who donated 10,000 hours to the effort.</p><br>
<p>Camarillo Ranch House is a popular location not only for weddings and receptions but also for filming. One location manager noted that the house has the appearance of a rural setting "almost anywhere in the United States -- from Bakersfield to Nebraska."</p><br>
<h3>Current uses and events</h3><br>
<p>The house is operated by the Rancho Camarillo Foundation and is open to the public for docent-led tours on Saturdays and Sundays. It is also available to be rented for weddings and other special events.The Camarillo Ranch Foundation sponsors annual community events intended to educate the public about Camarillo’s rich history, and hosts over 150 private and public events annually. The Camarillo Ranch House is a wedding venue with four different venues including the Front Lawn, the Red Barn, the East Garden, and the West Garden. Around the property are several thematic gardens including a butterfly garden and a formal Victorian garden. The Camarillo Ranch House also hosts corporate and nonprofit events.</p><br>
<h3>The Camarillo Ranch Foundation</h3><br>
<p>The Camarillo Ranch Foundation</p><br>
<p>was established in 1998 by the City of Camarillo as a non-profit public benefit organization. The Camarillo Ranch Foundation is operated by a 15-member board of directors. The Camarillo Ranch Foundation&#39;s mission statement is: “To preserve, restore, operate, and maintain the Camarillo Ranch as an historic site in partnership with our public and private sectors, on a self-sustaining basis; to foster its place in the rich history of California; to transform it into a focal point of the community for education, enrichment, and enjoyment; and to exhibit our diverse history and culture.” The Camarillo Ranch House offers programs aimed to benefit the community such as “Bring a Child to the Ranch” and scholarships to students directly related to the Camarillo family.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sagami is an artificial lake located in Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa in Japan&#39;s Kantō region. Created in 1947 after the Sagami River was dammed, it serves as use for recreational and hydroelectric purposes. The lake also served as venue for canoeing events at the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, located 60 km from the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Water and land usage surrounding the lake</h2><br>
<p>Typical lake flows (in m/s) are 85 hydroelectric, 10.34 domestic, 4.16 irrigation, and 2.15 industrial. Land usage is 87.5% natural, 4.6% agricultural, and 7.9% other. Eutrophication issues have been a serious issue of the lake that was first observed in 1967. The main issue was microcystis algae bloom and reached its highest cell count of 2,500,000 cells/mL in July–October 1979 (data from 1985). Most vegetation grown around the lake are grassland and weeds while most crops grown are rice and vegetables. Fertilizer application for crops near the lake is moderate.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>Because of the lake&#39;s creation in 1947, it displaced the careers of many local fishermen in the area. In return for their livelihood being taken away, many of these families were offered rental boats in the new lake. No private boats are allowed on the lake as a result. To compensate for the loss of the smelt, black bass from the United States was imported to the lake as was Prussian carp. Because of the bass, the lake is a popular recreational fishing area. The lake is also used for couples dating for boat rides and families. Row boat standard daily rental rates are ¥3000 for one person, ¥4500 for two people, and ¥6000 for three people.</p><br>
<h2>Water treatment</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, there were 170 industrial and four municipal sewage treatment plants surrounding the lake.</p><br>
<p>Hope Plantation, built in 1803, is an early house built in the Palladian mode of the federal style, located on the Carolina Coastal Plain, near Windsor, North Carolina, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the building had survived almost a century of neglect and the citizens of Bertie County, aided by other North Carolinians and a far-flung net of support, formed the Historic Hope Foundation, Inc. (a registered non-profit organization) to purchase and rescue the house.</p><br>
<h2>Site history</h2><br>
<p>The site on which the Hope Mansion is constructed was originally occupied by linguistic relatives of the Algonkian, the Sioux and the Iroquois. North of the site were the Meherrin, and in the immediate area the Tuscarora. Although neither group seems to have had a permanent settlement, hunting artifacts abound.</p><br>
<p>A Charter to the Carolinas was granted by Charles II of England to eight Lords Proprietor in 1663 in gratitude for their support in helping him recover his throne after the execution of his father. They immediately began recruiting settlers both from England and from the English settlers in Virginia. In the 1720s the Lords Proprietor granted 1,100 acre of land at the western end of the Albemarle Sound, near the Cashie River, to the Hobson family.</p><br>
<p>Francis Hobson and his wife Elizabeth (of Hope Parrish in Derbyshire, England) migrated to the new world to occupy the land. In 1765, after Francis’s death, Elizabeth inherited the property. When she married Zedekiah Stone, an emigrant from New England, the land became his and he named it “Hope” to honor her heritage.</p><br>
<p>The elder Stones built a house and began raising a family. The remnants of their house and the probable location of the quarters of their enslaved servants and workers have been explored by expert archeologists.</p><br>
<p>David Stone, Elizabeth and Zedekiah’s son, was born in 1770. Despite his strong English heritage, he was raised as an American patriot, his father participating in early Provincial Congresses to support the revolutionary movement.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, David married Hannah Turner, and shortly before the marriage he was given the Hope tract by his father. David had graduated first in his class at Princeton, was widely read, and a correspondent of many of the new American intelligentsia (later with Thomas Jefferson). When he built, he built a grand mansion of European design. The house replicates almost exactly a plan in Abraham Swann’s The British Architect, a book known to have been in Stone’s library.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The Palladian style was admired by Whigs and by American patriots, particularly in the South, who thought of themselves as inheritors of Roman ideas and ideals. The absolute balance of the symmetrical structure reflects the sense of order inherent in the style.</p><br>
<p>The house is built on high brick piers, allowing a full “basement” storey above ground. Imposing entry stairs lead to the pedimented double portico on the facade. This is lightened by the intricacy of the Chinese Chippendale balustrade on both stories of the portico and the roof walk. Four stepped chimneys and eight windows on the two sides, reinforce the front to back symmetry. The rear of the house, from which the structure is now approached, has a single height portico, with the Chippendale motif repeated.</p><br>
<p>Near the house, the kitchen has been reconstructed on the original foundation footprint. The elegant dairy has been restored.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of Hope reflects its uniqueness in rural eastern North Carolina. The rooms chiefly used by David Stone and for entertaining are on the upper floor. The bedrooms, the family sitting room and the dining room on the entry level. The central hallway, which stretches the double front doors to the back is an imposing double hall, with an archway diving the two ends. The staircase is partially enclosed. Upstairs, there is a large, imposing landing which may have been used as an upper parlour to catch breezes. This leads into the drawing room, which resembles a ball room. Also off the landing is David Stone’s library, which once held some 1400 volumes, a truly impressive collection for its time.</p><br>
<p>Also on this floor are smaller rooms which may have housed guests and are now interpreted as bedrooms. Best materials were used throughout, and although the timber was mainly local first-growth pine, a letter from a New York supplier, Joseph Sands, to David Stone in 1803, discusses marble and red stone for use in the fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>David Stone, a lawyer by training, died intestate. Thus, a complete inventory of his property was made by his administrator. Using this, the interior of the house was furnished by the Foundation with a degree of accuracy and appropriateness which has caught the attention of scholars.</p><br>
<h2>Also on the site</h2><br>
<p>The 1763 King-Bazemore House represents a fine example of vernacular architecture. It is one of the few remaining examples in North Carolina of mid-eighteenth century "hall and parlor" design. The home has been restored and furnished based on the 1778 inventory of owner, William King.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings include a restored kitchen and the manor house’s original dairy, a smoke house and store buildings, an herb garden and a kitchen garden.</p><br>
<p>There are also extensive grounds (45 acres). The original grounds extended well beyond these and amounted to nearly 1,000 acre of privately owned land, worked by over 200 slaves. The circa 1800 barn and the archeological sites make the basis for a walk which is often used as a fitness trail.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The house was sold by David Stone’s son in 1836, and then passed through many hands. It endured decades of neglect. When rehabilitation of the structure was first considered in the 1960s and the state approached for aid by local citizens the Executive Director of the North Carolina Department of Archives and History said, “Hope is hopeless.”</p><br>
<p>However, the Hope enthusiasts were not to be deterred and on February 2, 1965 the Historic Hope Foundation, Incorporated was chartered. The house was bought by the Foundation and a largely grass-roots restoration effort was launched.</p><br>
<p>By the late summer of the 1972, the restoration was complete.</p><br>
<h2>Current uses</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Hope Foundation, Incorporated through its Board of Directors manages the Hope Mansion and subsidizes the opening of the buildings to the public. An Administrator and Public Tourism Officer is appointed by the State of North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Foundation promotes several educational programs, and linkages with schools and universities.</p><br>
<p>It also sponsors social functions, primarily the Governor Stone Ball, as fund-raising events.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Entries #70000411 and #71000570.</p><br>
<p>Bivins, John Jr., Furniture of the North Carolina Roanoke River Basin in the Collection of Historic Hope Foundation.: Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts. Summer 1996.</p><br>
<p>Historic Hope Foundation, Inc., The Miracle of Hope Plantation. Windsor, NC: Historic Hope Foundation, Inc., 2002.</p><br>
<p>Iobst, Richard W., Personal Life of David Stone. (microfilm). Windsor, NC Historic Society.</p><br>
<p>Powell, William S., ed., Encyclopedia of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Smallwood, Arwin D., Bertie County: An Eastern Carolina History, Charleston, Arcadia Publishing, 2002 (extensive source notes published separately by the author).</p><br>
<p>Taylor, Melanie Johnson, David Stone: A Political Biography, Greenville, NC: East Carolina University, 1968.</p><br>
<p>Umfleet, LeRae S., Books Known to David Stone, “Patron of the Arts and Sciences”: An Exhibition of Volumes From His Reconstituted Library Plus Two Centuries of North Carolina Maps Dating From 1590, Exhibition Catelogue 1996.</p><br>
<p>Watson, Alan D., Bertie County, A Brief History, Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Osterøy is an island situated northeast of the city of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. With a total area of 328 km&sup2, it is the largest Norwegian island not located directly adjacent to the ocean, and the second largest such island in Northern Europe. Osterøy is covered by two municipalities: the majority  by Osterøy municipality, and the rest  by Vaksdal municipality. The vast majority of the island&#39;s population lives in Osterøy municipality .</p><br>
<p>The island is surrounded by fjords with mainland Norway on all sides of those fjords. The Osterfjorden-Romarheimsfjorden flows along the north side, the Sørfjorden flows along the southern and western sides, and the Veafjorden flows along the eastern side. The highest mountain on Osterøy is the 868 m tall Høgafjellet.</p><br>
<p>There are two road bridges that connect the island to the rest of the road network in Norway. The first is the Osterøy Bridge, built in 1997 on the southwestern tip of the island. That bridge is the only road connection to the mainland for most residents of Osterøy. The other is the Kallestadsundet Bridge which connects the northeastern tip of the island to the mainland. The northeastern part of Osterøy only has one road, and it is not connected to the rest of the roads on the island, so to get from the northeastern part of the island to the rest of the island, one would have to cross the Kallestadsundet Bridge to leave the island, drive 40 km along the mainland to the opposite side of the island, then cross the Osterøy Bridge to get back onto the island. This is why the northeastern part of the island is part of Vaksdal municipality and the rest of the island is part of Osterøy municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Taghdumbash Pamir  or Taxkorgan Valley is a pamir or high valley in the south west of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, in Xinjiang, China. It lies to the west of the Karakoram Highway. It is inhabited by Wakhi, Kirghiz and Tajik animal herders, who graze yaks and other animals on the grasslands of the pamir.</p><br>
<p>The name Taghdumbash Pamir is also sometimes applied to the mountain ranges surrounding the pamir, on the borders of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, straddling the Pamir Mountains along the Sarikol Range, the Hindu Kush, the Mustagh mountains, and the Wakhan. The range divides Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan, and Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>During the Qing Dynasty the Chinese claimed suzerainty over the Taghdumbash Pamir but permitted the Mir of Hunza to administer the region in return for a tribute. Until 1937 the inhabitants paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza, who exercised control over the pastures.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the pamir and surrounding area was designated Taxkorgan Nature Reserve. Chalachigu Valley, an offshoot of the pamir is the only place in China where Marco Polo sheep can be found.</p><br>
<p>The Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments were small apartment buildings respectively located at 227-29 and 237-39 East Palmer Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The apartments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The two structures were well-designed examples of turn-of-the-century apartment houses in Detroit. They were designed by the prolific Almon Clother Varney, a notable architect of apartment buildings in early 20th century Detroit. These two buildings were once owned by one of Michigan&#39;s first suffragists, Sarah A. Sampson, who lived in the Lancaster with her husband from 1906 to 1919.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The subdivision where these buildings stood was platted in 1878 by Joseph B.H. Bratshaw. in 1882, Bratshaw transferred the property to his daughter Sarah A. Sampson and Susan M. Swales. The land was re-platted in 1888, and in 1903 Swales transferred her interest in the property to Sampson. Sarah A. Sampson was prominent suffragist, and active in politics in Detroit. She was married to George L. Sampson, a merchant and businessman who owned a wholesale grocery house founded by Bratshaw.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, Sampson hired Almon Clother Varney to design an apartment building; Varney took out a building permit for the lot where the Waumbek eventually stood. It is likely that both the Lancaster and Waumbek were constructed according to Varney&#39;s plans, but probably a few years later in 1904. The apartments were named for Lancaster, New Hampshire, where George L. Sampson was born, and the Indian name for the White Mountains of New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>Early residents of the Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments included families with some social status, including the Sampsons themselves, who lived in the Lancaster from 1906 until 1919. In 1919, Mrs. Sampson sold the Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments to Robert B. Weaver. The Weaver family owned the apartments until 1961. The two buildings were abandoned as of the mid-1990s, and were demolished in November 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lancaster and Waumbek Apartments were two small three-story red brick Tudor Revival apartment buildings of similar design located side-by-side on East Palmer. Each building was constructed of brick trimmed with stone, and designed in a Tudor Revival style, although with slightly different detailing on the exterior. The façades featured projecting bays with a small light well in the middle. Both buildings measured approximately thirty-six feet wide by seventy feet deep.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were symmetrical, with a three-story monumental portico in the center of each, supported by brick piers rising two stories, and smaller brick piers on the third story level. The arched entrance was at the first floor of the portico, reached by a short flight of stairs. Detailing around the entrance archways differed between the two buildings, with the Lancaster entrance surrounded by cut-stone quoins, while the Waumbek had a label molding beneath the nameplate. Flanking the central entrance were three story, three-sided bays trimmed with limestone, containing three double-hung sash windows per floor. At the top, the bays culminated in a parapet wall, with the two buildings having slightly different detailing on the parapet.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, each of the two buildings were similar, with oak stair halls lined with wood paneled wainscoting. Each floor was divided into two apartments of similar layout, one on each side of the hall. The apartments had similar layouts: a front parlor with a bay window and a fireplace at the front of each unit, a long hall with two bedrooms off to the side, and the dining and kitchen in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas S. Sprague House was a private residence located at 80 West Palmer Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Scott & Company constructed this house for Thomas S. Sprague, a Detroit real estate developer. Sprague himself lived in the house from 1884 to 1901, when Detroit Evening News editorial writer Arthur D. Welton moved into the house. Arthur Patriache, a manager for the Pere Marquette Railroad, lived in the house from 1905 to 1916. Restaurateur Michael Guarnieri purchased the house in 1916, and it remained in the Guarnieri family possession until 1977, when Wayne State University purchased the property. The house was demolished in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas S. Sprague House was a 2-1/2 story Queen Anne / Shingle style house. The front facade had a variety of projecting and receding elements, and a variety of surface treatments, creating an asymmetric composition with rich texture. A one-story hipped roof porch covered the center entrance, and wrapped around a corner octagonal turret. To the side of the entrance was a triple window surmounted with stained glass. Double hung first floor windows in the turret were also topped by arched stained glass sections. The turret was topped with a gable which made the structure into a bay window. Another bay window was set into the opposite side of the facade.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house was maintained in nearly original form for almost 100 years. The intoerior contained combination gas-electric chandeliers, stained glass windows, patterned hearth tiles, and a radiator with a glass door warming oven. A unique asymmetrical butternut fireplace with mantelpiece was in the parlor.</p><br>
<p>Cohoes Music Hall, is a vintage music hall located at 58 Remsen Street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is a four-story brick building in the Second Empire architectural style. Built in 1874, it is considered the best example of that style in the city, with an unusually decorative front facade.</p><br>
<h2>Register of Historical Place designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Thirteen years later, when the Downtown Cohoes Historic District was added to the Register, the Music Hall was listed as a contributing property. After a restoration it began putting on performances again in the 1970s. It is the fourth-oldest music hall currently in use in the country, and also serves as the city&#39;s visitor center.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Music Hall is nine bays wide by six deep. It is made of brick with alternating courses of limestone, a material also used for the hooded trim on the windows. The mansard roof found on many Second Empire buildings is pierced by several decorative corbeled brick chimneys. Below it is a bracketed cornice.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the third and fourth stories host a 375-seat auditorium, with a balcony on the upper level. Much of the original interior furnishings and decor remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two local businessmen, newspaper owner James Masten and miller William Acheson, partnered to build the Music Hall in 1874. Nichols and Halcott of nearby Albany designed and built it for a cost of $60,000. It opened with a performance of Dion Boucicault&#39;s London Assurance.</p><br>
<p>They leased the space on the ground floors to stores and other businesses to provide extra income, starting with the local post office. Two years later the city&#39;s library rented some space on the second story. In 1878 Masten sold his interest to Mary Acheson for 25 cents, because he felt the local market was oversaturated. Performers who played the building over the years included Sarah Bernhardt, Buffalo Bill Cody, George M. Cohan, Jimmy Durante, Lillian Russell, John Philip Sousa, Tom Thumb and then-Cohoes native Eva Tanguay (supposedly booed on her first appearance).</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the First National Bank moved into the first floor. By 1905 it had taken over ownership of the building, putting its name on the entablature at the roofline. They closed the theater after discovering one of the roof trusses was sagging.</p><br>
<p>By the middle of the 20th century, as the city declined along with its textile industries and the Erie Canal, the Music Hall had begun to deteriorate and fall into disuse. It became city property for one dollar in 1969. with another production of London Assurance.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 it became the home of C-R Productions, which was committed to revitalize the theater and attract visitors to Cohoes by presenting quality theater and educational programs. To the former end, it has staged popular musicals like Chicago and Miss Saigon.</p><br>
<p>The street-level area serves as the city&#39;s visitor center, with displays on the history of the textile industry in the city and information about historic sites and other local attractions.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 the City took over control of the theater and it is now a venue for local, regional and international talent. It is currently managed by the Palace Performing Arts Center. Its programming features local groups and non profit organizations, including partner theatre Park Playhouses off season productions.</p><br>
<p>The Lawrence A. and Mary Fournier House is a historic bungalow in the Cleveland neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, built in 1910. It was designed by architect Lawrence Fournier as a home for himself and his family. It blends early Prairie School-style elements with American Craftsman architecture. It was also one of the first houses built in North Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>The Fournier House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for having local significance in the theme of architecture/engineering. It was nominated for representing the emergence of Prairie School style within the more established Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>In 1908 Lawrence Fournier and his wife Mary purchased a lot in what is now the Cleveland neighborhood in North Minneapolis. The Fourniers selection of a North Minneapolis lot reveals the increasing appeal of this area of the city to new residents. Minneapolis real estate developers had begun to promote the areas bucolic setting and its easy access to new streetcar lines.</p><br>
<p>As the automobile became more popular and dependable after World War I, development increased at an even more rapid rate. The Cleveland neighborhood was unusually slow to develop, however, and the Fournier House was set in a rural atmosphere until a post-World War II building boom filled in many of the neighborhood&#39;s remaining lots.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Fournier was an architect at the famous firm of Purcell & Elmslie. It became the second-most-commissioned firm of the Prairie School, after Frank Lloyd Wright. However, Fournier’s work on the home two years prior to joining the firm shows the influence he had on William Gray Purcell and George Grant Elmslie. Steeped in knowledge of architectural styles, Fournier created a unique concept for the home. Mary Fournier was an artist and also influenced its design. The house the couple built exemplified the common ground between the Craftsman and Prairie Schools.</p><br>
<p>For most of the exterior detailing, Fournier selected the Craftsman style, with its broad, sloping roof pierced by shed dormers. He also created wide, unenclosed eaves, exposed rafter tails, and exposed roof beams supported by knee braces. With a Craftsman sense of economy, he eliminated the vestibule. Instead a sheltered partial-width front porch was built. Fournier used the Craftsman device of an elevated dining room window grouping with space under the windows for closets.</p><br>
<p>Prairie School traits appear within the Craftsman context, creating a mingling of the two styles. For example, a formal Prairie pedestal urn is given an informal Craftsman covering of rustic fieldstones. A Prairie-style band rides the perimeter of the foundation but fails to create much of a horizontal accent on a compact bungalow form. A more successful stylistic blend is found in a Craftsman window box given a Prairie flair as it wraps around a comer-set casement window group.</p><br>
<p>In his choice of materials, Fournier demonstrated concern for a smooth transition between the house and its setting. This concern for landscape was shared by both Prairie and Craftsman designers. The strong fieldstone foundation and rough cast stucco are more in keeping with the Craftsman School. However Fournier included sidewalks of smooth, rose-colored concrete—a trait of the Prairie School.</p><br>
<p>While at Purcell and Elmslie, Fournier served as the firm&#39;s expert in the latest domestic engineering gadgetry of the period. He used this knowledge in his own home, designing a central vacuum cleaner, laundry chute, galley kitchen, and rainwater filtration system.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>The number of Prairie details in the Fournier house reflects the growing prominence of the Prairie School in 1910. Many of the Prairie elements Fournier experimented with in designing his own home appear with increasing frequency in the subsequent work of Purcell and Elmslie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence and Mary Fournier lived in the house until 1917, when Lawrence was transferred to Purcell and Elmslie&#39;s Chicago office. From 1917 to 1961 the house remained within a single family. Since 1961 there have been several owners. In 1995 the Fournier House was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its expression of high-style house architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Flour Exchange Building is an office building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, designed by architects Long and Kees, who also designed Minneapolis City Hall and the Lumber Exchange Building. Construction originally began in 1892, but halted abruptly in 1893 after only four floors had been built. This was due to the effects of the Panic of 1893. Construction resumed later, and the building was completed in 1909 with eleven stories. The building is generally in the Chicago school, using a relatively straightforward approach without a lot of historic details. The modern influence of this style later influenced the Butler Square building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Olmstead Street Historic District is located along two blocks of that street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is a microcosm of the city&#39;s economy at its peak in the mid- to late 19th century, consisting of a former textile mill complex, a filled-in section of the original Erie Canal, and three long blocks of row houses built for the millworkers.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Today the row houses still serve as affordable housing.</p><br>
<h2>Properties</h2><br>
<p>The district is defined as both sides of Olmstead Street between Cayuga and Ontario (also NY 470) streets. This area is just to the northwest of the larger Downtown Cohoes Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The 18 buildings included in this 10-acre (4 ha) area are the houses and the former Ogden Mills complex, with its own parking lot, known as Ogden Mills Plaza. Between the street and the plaza is a grassy strip that was part of the original alignment of the Erie Canal. Today it has been made into a park, with playgrounds and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>The mill complex consists of three sections. The north and south wings are both three and a half stories tall with gabled roofs, corbeled cornices and a square tower rising from their 24-bay west facades. The seven-bay central section, built later, comes to a full four stories. Both of its facades project slightly. It has a low-pitched gable roof and a modillioned cornice. There are two outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The rowhouses across the street are in three blocks. All are three stories high and built of brick on rubblestone foundations, but there are some differences. The longest is the northernmost, at 42 bays. It has dormer windows and stone-trimmed windows. It extends from Cayuga to Van Vechten Street, where the 15-bay middle block begins on the opposite corner. Its buildings are flat-roofed and have wood-trimmed windows. Connected to it at its south end is the 18-bay south block, with gabled roofs, seven chimneys and a corbeled cornice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1830s the Erie Canal, built two decades earlier, had become so successful that its management found it necessary to build the Enlarged Erie Canal to handle larger vessels. They abandoned the original route for one that ran to the west of the present-day city. The Cohoes Company, which operated a smaller, local canal system that provided water power to the industry attracted to the area by the canal, took over the former route.</p><br>
<p>The company built the north and south sections of the mill first, in 1844 and 1846 respectively. The houses were built across a new street named for company agent Charles A. Olmstead, who had supervised the original power canal construction. By 1847 the Ogden Mills were the city&#39;s leading producer of woven cotton.</p><br>
<p>That changed quickly. An 1849 strike over a 15% wage cut ended after three weeks when workers feared losing their jobs to replacements that Olmstead had advertised for, but the company failed in 1851. Harmony Mills bought the plant and expanded it in 1859 with the middle section. By the later years of the century it was part of one of the largest cotton-production actions in the country.</p><br>
<p>The mill continued to be used for clothing manufacture until the late 20th century. Today it has been converted into a mixed-use complex with apartments, retail and office space. The house blocks are now Section 8 affordable housing.</p><br>
<h2>Currently</h2><br>
<p>These buildings have currently been turned into projects.</p><br>
<p>The Gobbins is a cliff-face path at Islandmagee, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on the Causeway Coastal Route. It runs across bridges, past caves and through a tunnel, along The Gobbins cliffs . The cliffs are recognised for their rich birdlife, important geology and notable species.</p><br>
<p>The Gobbins was created by an Irish railway engineer called Berkeley Deane Wise. He designed and built the path as a tourist attraction for the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway Company. The path first opened to the public in 1902, with visitors paying 6d to enjoy a ‘perfect marvel of engineering. The Gobbins drew worldwide acclaim, with newspapers declaring that the varied beauty of this cliff path baffles all description&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of people visited The Gobbins in the first few decades of the 20th century - advertisements of the time declared ‘the new cliff path along The Gobbins Cliffs, with its ravines, bore caves, natural aquariums... has no parallel in Europe as a marine cliff walk&#39;. However the railway company got into financial difficulties during the 1930s; upkeep slipped and the path was closed in the run up to World War II. The Gobbins was briefly reopened by the Ulster Transport Authority after the war, but closed in 1954. Several abortive attempts were made by government and individuals to restore the path.</p><br>
<p>From 2011-2015 Larne Borough Council led a project to reopen The Gobbins. A series of new bridges and galleries were constructed and installed during 2014-15. The work was funded by the European Union’s INTERREG IVA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB) and administered by the North East Partnership, Larne Borough Council and the Ulster Garden Villages Limited.</p><br>
<p>The Gobbins was accessible to visitors from August 2015 by guided tour. Opening for the 2016 summer season was delayed until the end of April following storm damage to the approach path in January 2016 but further damage occurred in June 2016. The path re-opened on 30 June 2017. Car parking, a café, exhibition and visitor facilities for The Gobbins are provided by visitor centre at nearby Ballystrudder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Conception</h3><br>
<p>The Gobbins was the brainchild of a pioneering Irish railway engineer called Berkeley Deane Wise. Originally from New Ross, Wise served his apprenticeship working on the railway line between Dublin and Wexford. At the age of just 22, he developed tunnels and bridges for one of the most challenging sections in the country, along the coast at Bray Head. This and other experiences helped give Wise the skills he needed to conceive his ultimate achievement – The Gobbins – just over 25 years later.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, Wise became the Chief Engineer of the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway Company. The company already had a keen interest in tourism, thanks to the work of another pioneer, Railway Manager, Edward John Cotton – one of the youngest ever Railway Managers in Britain and Ireland. Cotton arranged &#39;excursion trains’ for every occasion and made 3rd class tickets available from all stations – opening up the possibility of travel and day trips for thousands of ordinary people.</p><br>
<p>Berkeley Deane Wise took this tourism endeavour to the next level, creating innovative new paid-for attractions that would encourage visitors to use the railway companys services. Within a year of starting at the Northern Counties&#39; he had opened a series of paths and bridges at beautiful Glenariff Glen – later adding a tearoom and shelters with coloured glass to view the waterfalls there. Just south of The Gobbins, Wise helped transform the tiny hamlet of Whitehead into a premier holiday resort. He designed and built a bandstand, ladies and gents bathing boxes, a ‘children’s corner’, a slipway and a pavilion with 500 seats.</p><br>
<p>Wise also built a new path along the coast from Whitehead to the lighthouse at Blackhead, overlooking the town, in 1892. To reach the lighthouse he added several bridges and a tunnel. Wise soon had ambitious plans for a much more elaborate path built on sheer cliffs a few miles to the north: The Gobbins was about to be born.</p><br>
<h3>Original construction</h3><br>
<p>Berkeley Deane Wise drew up a map of his planned path in 1902, showing a 3 & 1/4 mile long route. It would start near the village of Ballystrudder (a small laneway just off the ‘Gobbins Road’ is still called the ‘Gobbins Path’ as a consequence). The path would then run for a mile or more along an undulating section of coast, skirting farmer’s fields before reaching the spectacular ‘cliff section’ where visitors would enjoy bridges, tunnels and caves. It is this last section which became so famous and which is accessible today (by guided tour, leaving from The Gobbins visitor centre). Wise’s map listed a series of new names for features along the cliffs, which he planned for visitors to explore - like Sandy Cave, the Man O’War stack and Otter Cave.</p><br>
<p>The first stretch of The Gobbins opened to the public in August 1902. First to explore its ‘strange, fantastic forms’ were members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In June 1904, Wise hosted the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland (of which he was an esteemed member). Their Journal records some of the few surviving technical details of the bridges and other constructions on the original path:“...the cliff section has necessitated a large number of bridges, varying from ten to thirty feet span… About mid way an isolated sea-stack occurs known as ‘The Man-o’War’, separated from the mainland by a chasm 65 feet wide…To span this a special bridge was designed by Mr Wise. The steel framework is 70 feet in length and is composed of longitudinal angles and bars with 12 elliptical stiffeners”</p><br>
<p>The ‘special bridge’ the engineers were describing was the famous Tubular Bridge - which quickly became a symbol of The Gobbins.</p><br>
<h3>Extension</h3><br>
<p>When it first opened, the path stopped short of the ‘Seven Sisters’ caves. But Wise’s map shows he planned to continue building to Heddles’ port and create an exit onto to the county road. in 1905 he was granted money to extend The Gobbins by the railway company – which had become part of the larger Midland Railway Company (MR).</p><br>
<p>An extension was duly opened in 1908, but disaster struck in the last week of May that year: a major landslip broke one of the bridges and blocked the path. The company gave orders that the path was to be maintained ‘as far as it went’, but that no further work was to be undertaken. There would be no new bridges built at The Gobbins for over 100 years. Berkeley Deane Wise died in May 1909. He would have been disappointed to know that his plans were never fully completed, but nonetheless The Gobbins was recognised as his crowning achievement.</p><br>
<h3>The first era of The Gobbins</h3><br>
<p>The Gobbins became a must see for tourists and locals alike - including many visitors from Britain who came via the steamer service to Larne and stayed there or in Whitehead. Tourists could book trips to The Gobbins through their hotel, with each having certain days of the week for visiting with their own guide. Posters advertising The Gobbins were placed in Belfast tram carriages and at railway stations. Day-trippers were encouraged to travel to Ballycarry railway station for The Gobbins. From there they could walk or hire a local ‘Irish jaunting car’ to get to the path itself.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to The Gobbins - then as now - was nicknamed Wise’s Eye after the path’s creator. An oval shaped hole bored in the rock, it was manned by a railway company ‘toll collector’ from 10am to 5pm daily (including Sundays). Close to the entrance of the path two tearooms provided refreshments including strong tea, fried slices of ham, eggs, tomatoes, potato and soda bread, all of which were ‘much appreciated’ by visitors.</p><br>
<p>On summer days The Gobbins was ‘busier than the footpath of Royal Avenue&#39; – with visitors pushing to get past one another. Reviewers described an incredible experience:“In many places the rocks rise to a height of two hundred feet, sometimes quite abruptly...every few steps a different view of cliff is disclosed. Surely there is something in the influence of the Irish climate which acts upon the rocks...The tints are softer and deeper...the very air is laden with a poetry…” "The Gobbins Cliff Path", The Sketch,17 December 1902‘There is, in short, nothing like The Gobbins anywhere else in the world…’ Fennell W.J. (1902), "The Gobbins Cliff Path - Visit of the British Association to Belfast"</p><br>
<h3>Decline of the first path at The Gobbins</h3><br>
<p>The Gobbins required constant maintenance to cope with the impact of waves and storms. Following the Great Depression and the steady rise of competition from road transport, the railway company got into financial difficulties - by 1938 the Northern Counties Committee was losing £19,000 a year.</p><br>
<p>The Gobbins was closed for a time in 1936, then during the Second World War there was an even more acute shortage of manpower and finance. As a result, no upkeep was carried out, apart from painting the railings black to avoid them acting as a landmark for German air-raids heading into Belfast.</p><br>
<p>After the war, The Gobbins was briefly reopened by the new Ulster Transport Authority, but closed in 1954. Several attempts were made by government and individuals to restore the path. Writer and filmmaker, John H. Lennon from Co Down was a particular champion. However lack of finance and scepticism about tourist numbers in the face of the conflict in Northern Ireland frustrated these attempts. The first Tubular Bridge finally collapsed into the sea in May 1981.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the path continued to be explored by climbers and walkers. However the cliffs were dangerous, and several people got into difficulties and had to be rescued during the 1980s, 90s and 2000s.</p><br>
<h2>The Gobbins today</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, after years of work, Larne Borough Council announced a plan to reopen The Gobbins. A series of 15 new bridges and 6 new gallery structures (which hug the side of the cliff) were constructed and installed during 2014-15. The reimagined path includes an iconic new Tubular Bridge. Weighing over 5.4 tonnes, it was craned into position on the 22nd October 2014.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can once again enjoy the 22m-long tunnel, including a section which runs below sea-level. Four of the new bridges are over 30 metres in length. The project has also improved on Wise’s original work with a new cliff top path, which offers views stretching as far as Ailsa Craig in Scotland, and a cantilevered platform and staircase providing viewing points over the first bridges to the north and Belfast Lough to the South.</p><br>
<p>The project cost £7.5 million with just under half of the funding coming through the European Union’s INTERREG IVA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB) and administered by the North East Partnership. Larne Borough Council provided £4 million support with further funding of £200,000 from the Ulster Garden Villages Limited.</p><br>
<p>Tourism NI has contributed funding towards the cliff top path, and a platform and staircase were funded by the North East Region Rural Development Programme. The Gobbins project is part of a cross-border project which also includes the enhancement of another tourist destination based in Sliabh Liag, County Donegal.</p><br>
<p>Replacement Tubular Bridge at the Gobbins.jpgThe Tubular Bridge at The Gobbins</p><br>
<p>Plaque commemorating reopening of The Gobbins.JPGPlaque detailing the restoration of The Gobbins</p><br>
<p>New bridge and old bridge remains at The Gobbins.JPGNew bridge and old bridge remains at The Gobbins</p><br>
<p>Exhibition area at The Gobbins Visitor Centre.JPGExhibition area at The Gobbins Visitor Centre</p><br>
<p>The Canal Saint-Denis is a canal in Paris that is 6.6 km in length.</p><br>
<p>In 1802 Napoléon Bonaparte issued a decree for the construction of the canal to both expedite shipping and reduce the number of ships and barges sailing up and down the Seine through the center of Paris. Contracts to build and operate the canals in the Île-de-France were granted to private banking firms. These contracts required the city of Paris to purchase land, and the merchant-bankers who won the contracts, Roman Vassal, Lafitte, André, and Cottier, were expected to construct the waterways. As compensation for their large outlays, the bankers were permitted to collect tolls on the canal for a term of ninety-nine years. The canal was completed in 1821.</p><br>
<p>The canal is part of the Réseau des Canaux Parisiens (Parisian Canal Network), a public-works authority operated by the city. The other components of the network are the Canal de lOurcq, the Bassin de la Villette, the Canal Saint-Martin, and the Bassin de lArsenal. Together, these canals and basins extend over a distance of 121 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the creation of a Parisian canal network on May 19, 1802. Specifically, he decreed that the Seine be diverted from below the Bassin de lArsenal to the Bassin de la Villette. The canal would continue through Saint-Denis to rejoin the Seine in order to avoid having a shipping canal pass through the center of Paris. Additionally, the new canal would expedite navigation by avoiding the Seines meandering turns.</p><br>
<p>Private financiers were awarded the contracts to construct and manage the canals. The city of Paris agreed to purchase the land and surrender the tolls for 99 years in order that the firms build the canals. (The cost of construction was estimated at 6 million francs.) At its creation, the canal had twelve locks with an overall change in level of 28.34 m.</p><br>
<p>Between 1890 and 1895, the canal was reconstructed and enlarged in order to permit the passage of wider-beamed barges, and the number of locks was reduced from twelve to eight. The first lock was named Écluse du Pont de Flandre ("Flanders Bridge Lock"), and it alone covered 10 m of lift, replacing four of the older locks. In 2008, the canal was composed of seven locks.</p><br>
<p>Since 1983, the canal has been open to pleasure craft.</p><br>
<h2>Technical specifications and navigation</h2><br>
<p>The Canal Saint-Denis extends 6.6 km from the junction with the Canal de l’Ourcq at the Bassin de la Villette to the Seine at Saint-Denis. It is the busiest of the three canals in Paris, passing through predominantly industrial suburbs, with numerous private quays used by commercial barges.</p><br>
<p>The canal has an average width of 70 m, ranging from 30 m to 140 m. The canal covers roughly 36 hectares of Parisian public space. The waterway is open 365 days a year and, together with the Canal de l&#39;Ourcq and the Canal Saint-Martin, carries between 500,000 and 1 million tons of materials and merchandise per year. The depth of the canal varies from 3.2 m to 3.5 m. This allows barges and other craft up to a maximum of 1,000 tons displacement. Vessels may travel the canal if their beam is less than 8 m, their air draft less than 4.4 m, and their draft less than 2.6 m. Launching slipways are located at the Pont de Stains in Aubervilliers (source Ville de Paris, Service des Canaux, within the Direction de la Voirie et de la Mobilité, quoted on the French page).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and management</h2><br>
<h3>Management</h3><br>
<p>In a study by the architect, Michel Corajoud, the canal has been recognized as a unifying factor in the Parisian urban area. This devolves from the fact that the canal links Paris with Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis. It is a part of the Communauté de communes de la Plaine de France, a federation of communities organized to coordinate local projects.</p><br>
<p>Recently, the following improvements to the canal network have been undertaken:</p><br>
<p>The creation and maintenance of a path from the Parc de la Villette to the Seine near Saint-Denis, which allows for the passage of bicycles, pedestrians, and rollerskaters. and</p><br>
<p>The lighting of the thirteen bridges (carrying both roads and railways) that cross the canal.</p><br>
<p>Most of the plans, inaugurated at the Seine nautical festival in 2006, have been fulfilled. However, a 1.6 km section remains to be finished, but was expected to be complete by 2012.</p><br>
<h3>Points of interest</h3><br>
<p>The canal passes by a number of places that may be of interest to tourists:</p><br>
<p>Parc de la Villette</p><br>
<p>Cité des Sciences et de l&#39;Industrie</p><br>
<p>Cité de la Musique</p><br>
<p>Théâtre équestre Zingaro</p><br>
<p>Académie Fratellini</p><br>
<p>Basilique Saint-Denis</p><br>
<p>Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Saint-Denis</p><br>
<p>Stade de France</p><br>
<p>The Maison déducation de la Légion dhonneur, in the basements of the old Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis</p><br>
<p>Le Musée de l’Orfèvrerie Bouilhet-Christofle</p><br>
<p>The Naniboujou Club Lodge is a resort and restaurant built as part of a private club on the North Shore of Lake Superior in Cook County, Minnesota, United States, about 15 mi east of Grand Marais. Named after Naniboujou, a character from the Cree the lodges décor has both Native American and Art Deco influences. Commenced in the twilight of the Jazz Age, the clubs grandiose plans succumbed to the economic realities of the Great Depression, and only the clubhouse was built. That building retains its original design and is listed as a historic property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wealthy businessmen from Duluth, Minnesota, planned a resort on 3,330 acre along the newly opened North Shore Highway Membership was to be limited, and free memberships were given to public figures of the day in order to attract other members.</p><br>
<p>Plans included a golf course, swimming pool, tennis courts, a marina, a 150–room clubhouse, and an inland hunting lodge, Much of the land became part of Judge C. R. Magney State Park, but the lakeshore property on which the lodge is located remained in private hands. Thereafter the lodge has had a number of owners, who operated it as part of a hotel chain and later as a family resort.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and décor</h2><br>
<p>The Naniboujou Club Lodge is on the National Register of Historic Places. It was nominated for the Register in 1982, as it had retained "its original design in a good state of preservation".</p><br>
<p>Design elements include architectural features such as polygonal towers, cedar shakes, a gambrel roof pierced by dormers, and French doors topped by sashes with pointed crowns. The Cree theme of the lodge is displayed in the common room, which has a 200-short-ton (180 t) native rock fireplace about 12 ft high. Inset above the hearth is a native welcome symbol in the shape of a sunburst, made of the same water-rounded stone used in the fireplace. The chamber&#39;s walls and ceilings were painted by the French artist Antoine Gouffee with other native-inspired designs and have been called a "psychedelic marriage of Art Deco and traditional Cree Indian patterns".</p><br>
<h2>The lodge today</h2><br>
<p>Now known as Naniboujou Lodge and Restaurant, the property is a privately owned hotel and restaurant. The sleeping wings contain the hotel rooms, and the former common area, still bearing its original decoration, is now the dining hall. Later changes to the building have continued the Cree theme.</p><br>
<p>Facilities include a restaurant, in the former Great Hall club commons, and a solarium. Lake Superior and the Brule River adjoin the 9 acre plot on which the resort is located. Across the highway are the exotic rock formations and natural beauties of Judge C. R. Magney State Park, created from the former club’s lands, including the Devil&#39;s Kettle. Nearby are other state parks and the Superior National Forest, which offer canoeing, hiking, camping, and fishing in the North Woods and lakes of Minnesota’s Arrowhead Region.</p><br>
<h2>Naniboujou in modern culture</h2><br>
<p>Naniboujou Lodge has been featured in books on tourism in Minnesota or the North Shore. Monica Ferris&#39; murder mystery novel Unraveled Sleeve is set at Naniboujou Lodge. Naniboujou Club Lodge has also been featured in Minnesota Monthly.</p><br>
<h2>Nanabozho</h2><br>
<p>In Anishinaabe mythology, particularly among the Ojibwa, Nanabozho is a spirit who figures prominently in their storytelling, including their account of the world&#39;s creation. Nanabozho is the Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero (these two archetypes are often combined into a single figure in First Nations mythologies). He plays a similar role as the Saulteaux Wiisagejaak (Cree Wisakedjak).</p><br>
<p>The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is a large and potentially active north-south trending complex volcano in Stikine Country, northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located 38 km southeast of the small community of Telegraph Creek. It occupies the southeastern portion of the Tahltan Highland, an upland area of plateau and lower mountain ranges, lying east of the Boundary Ranges and south of the Inklin River, which is the east fork of the Taku River. As a volcanic complex, it consists of many types of volcanoes, including shield volcanoes, calderas, lava domes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex is encompassed within a large provincial park called Mount Edziza Provincial Park. Named after Mount Edziza, this 2,660.95 km&sup2; park was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic and cultural treasures unique to the northern British Columbia area. The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is remote, and, without roads, accessible only along trails. The easiest access is from Highway 37 and a spur road from Dease Lake to Telegraph Creek. From Kinaskan Lake, on Highway 37, a poorly maintained trail extends west for 30 km into the heart of the complex. From Telegraph Creek another trail extends east for 25 km to the north slope of Mount Edziza.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The Mount Edziza volcanic complex began forming about 7.5 million years ago and has grown steadily since then. Here, the continental crust of the North American Plate is being stretched at a rate of about 2 cm per year. This incipient rifting has formed as a result of the Pacific Plate sliding northward along the Queen Charlotte Fault, on its way to the Aleutian Trench, which extends along the southern coastline of Alaska and the adjacent waters of northeastern Siberia off the coast of Kamchatka Peninsula. As the continental crust stretches, the near-surface rocks fracture along steeply dipping cracks parallel to the rift known as faults. Hot basaltic magma rises along these fractures to create passive lava eruptions, known as effusive eruptions.</p><br>
<p>The rift zone has existed for at least 20 million years, and has created a line of volcanoes called the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, also called the Stikine Volcanic Belt, stretching from the Alaska-Yukon border to near Prince Rupert, British Columbia. Several presently dormant volcanoes in the province are potentially active, three of them having erupted in the last few hundred years, two witnessed by First Nations and placer miners during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Tseax Cone, which last erupted in the 18th century, is the southernmost historically active volcano in the province, while Prindle Volcano in easternmost-central Alaska, which erupted during the Pleistocene period, is generally considered the northernmost.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is Canada&#39;s second largest volcano of young volcanic activity, with an area of 1,000 km&sup2, Elevations of the lava plateau are 1500 to 1800 m with volcanic mountains rising 2,590 m above sea level. Three sections of the lava plateau have official names; these are the Arctic Lake, Big Raven, and Kitsu plateaus. The history of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex includes at least two periods of regional glaciation, when deep ice sheets covered the land, and several lesser advances of mountain glaciers.</p><br>
<h4>Stratovolcano composition</h4><br>
<p>The steep-sided, symmetrical stratovolcanoes in the region were built by repeated eruptions of thick, slow-moving lava that have commonly flowed only a few kilometres from the vent. Explosive eruptions are often associated with these volcanoes, depositing alternating layers of volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and globes of molten rock called volcanic bombs or lava bombs, which are added to its slopes to create the stratovolcano. Edziza&#39;s stratovolcanoes contain a fine-grained silica-rich volcanic rock called trachyte; they have not erupted for thousands of years, allowing erosion to destroy the original cone, creating craggy ridges and rock outcrops of more resistant materials.</p><br>
<h4>Caldera composition</h4><br>
<p>Circular calderas in the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were formed as a result of emptying the magma chamber beneath a volcano. If enough magma is erupted, the emptied chamber will not be able to support the weight of the volcanic edifice above it. A roughly circular fracture— a "ring fault"— develops around the edge of the chamber. These ring fractures serve as feeders for fault intrusions that are also known as ring dikes. Secondary volcanic vents form above the ring fracture. As the magma chamber empties, the centre of the volcano within the ring fracture begins to collapse. The collapse may occur as the result of a single cataclysmic eruption, or it may occur in stages as the result of a series of eruptions. These caldera collapses are relatively small compared to most other caldera collapses. The largest caldera at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex is about 6 km in diameter while most calderas are at least 25 km in diameter. Volcanic eruptions accompanying these collapses produced trachyte and a white, sodic rhyolite called comendite.</p><br>
<h4>Lava dome composition</h4><br>
<p>Edzizas rounded, steep-sided lava domes were built by eruptions of very thick light-coloured magma, including trachyte. The thickness of the magma is attributed to high levels of silica, a naturally occurring silicon dioxide found in various crystalline and amorphous forms. Edzizas domes reach heights of several hundred metres, and grew slowly and steadily for months to years. The sides of these structures are composed of unstable rock debris. Due to the possibility of the building of gas pressure, the dome can experience more explosive eruptions over time. When part of a lava dome collapses while it still contains molten rock and gases, it can produce a pyroclastic flow, a super-heated mix of gas, ash, and pumice.</p><br>
<p>Characteristics of lava dome eruptions include shallow, long-period and hybrid seismic activity, which is attributed to excess fluid pressures in the contributing vent chamber. Other characteristics of lava domes include their spherical dome shape, cycles of dome growth over long periods, and sudden onsets of violent explosive activity. The average rate of dome growth may be used as a rough indicator of magma supply, but it shows no systematic relationship to the timing or characteristic of lava dome explosions.</p><br>
<h4>Cinder cone composition</h4><br>
<p>The steep conical cinder cones of Edziza were formed by lava fountain eruptions, emitting particles and blobs of congealed lava from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinder around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Edziza&#39;s cinder cones have bowl-shaped craters at their summits and rise more than a hundred metres above their surroundings. Cinder cones are widespread in British Columbia as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world.</p><br>
<p>Eve Cone, a black cinder cone of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, is one of the most famous symmetrical and best preserved cinder cones in Canada, reaching a height of 1,740 m and a topographic prominence of 150 m.</p><br>
<h4>Shield volcano composition</h4><br>
<p>Edzizas shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of lava flows of highly fluid basaltic lava, which spread widely over great distances, and then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets. In some shield volcano eruptions, basaltic lava has poured out quietly from fissure vents instead of central vents, flooding the surrounding countryside with lava flow upon lava flow, forming Edzizas broad lava plateau.</p><br>
<p>Lava plateaus similar to Edziza&#39;s can be found elsewhere in North America, including the Snake River Plain in Idaho, and the Columbia River Basalt Group in southeastern Washington, and eastern Oregon, United States; they can also be found in Iceland.</p><br>
<h4>Subglacial mound composition</h4><br>
<p>Subglacial mounds (SUGM) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex are an unusual type of subglacial volcano formed when subglacial eruptions began melting overlying glacial ice at a time when this region was covered by glacial ice during the Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. These subglacial eruptions were not hot enough to melt a vertical pipe right through the overlying glacial ice, instead forming mounds of hydrated volcanic rock made up of volcanic fragments called hyaloclastite and lava that solidified into pillow-shaped masses called pillow lava deep beneath the glacial ice field. Once the glaciers had retreated, the subglacial volcanoes would be revealed, with a unique shape as a result of their confinement within glacial ice.</p><br>
<h3>Eruptive history</h3><br>
<p>The lava domes, calderas, stratovolcanoes, subglacial mounds and cinder cones forming the volcanic complex were constructed in five phases, each of which began with the effusion of dark olivine basalt which formed the flat-lying shield volcanoes and concluded with the eruption of light-coloured magma. This cyclical behavior is attributed to the episodic rise of basic, mantle-derived alkali basalt both to the surface and partly into crustal reservoirs where the light-coloured magmas with very little aluminum were created by prolonged crystal fractionation. The silica-rich trachyte and comendite lavas are similar to those associated with the most violent eruptions on Earth.</p><br>
<h4>Armadillo Peak eruptive period</h4><br>
<p>The first phase of activity resulted in the creation of Armadillo Peak seven million years ago, today represented by an eroded remnant of a small caldera flanked by steep-sided light-coloured secondary lava domes, including Cartoona Peak, Tadeda Peak, IGC Centre, and Sezill Volcano, and a thick pile of interlayered light-coloured lava flows, pyroclastic flows, air-fall pumice, and epiclastic deposits. It is the most central of the four central volcanoes and its 2,210 m summit is capped by 180 m of fine-grained silica-rich trachyte lava flows which were ponded inside the caldera to produce a lava lake six million years ago during its final stage of activity.</p><br>
<h4>Spectrum Range eruptive period</h4><br>
<p>The second phase of activity began three million years ago, emplacing rhyolitic magma 150 m thick and 13 m long during a single event of activity. A broad circular lava dome was eventually created called the Spectrum Range. This is the southernmost of the four central volcanoes and is over 10 km wide and up to 650 m thick on the southwestern flank of Armadillo Peak and north of the Arctic Lake Plateau. Named for its extensive colourful alteration, it overlies a basal shield volcano and contains deeply carved circular valleys displaying portions of massive silica-rich comendite and trachyte lava flows which comprise the lava dome. The deeply carved circular valleys also display the bounding faults of a buried, cogenetic caldera approximately 4.5 km across. More than 100 km3 of rhyolite and trachyte was erupted during the Spectrum Range dome eruptive period, with its activity ending 2,500,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h4>Ice Peak eruptive period</h4><br>
<p>Ice Peak, 2,500 m high, which overlaps the northern flank of Armadillo Peak, began to form during Edziza&#39;s third phase of activity, starting 1,600,000 years ago when the regional Cordilleran Ice Sheet began retreating. It is a stratovolcano that was constructed when large areas of the Edziza lava plateau were free from glacial ice and now enclosed by glacial deposits. However, additional parts of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were likely still covered by glacial ice. The volcanic activity from Ice Peak during this period produced both basic and intermediate to light-coloured lava flows and pyroclastic rocks which mixed with meltwater to produce debris flows. As Ice Peak began to form, basic lava spread to the flanks of the cone where it formed meltwater lakes and combines with and forms part of the adjacent shield volcano. As lava continued to flow into these meltwater lakes, pillow lava and solidified rubble was created. Many of the lava flows with compositions of trachyte and basalt were however erupted just below the surface of the soil. Continuous volcanic activity eventually made Ice Peak reach an elevation of 2,400 m when three viscous, intermediate, and light-coloured lava flows built up around secondary lava domes parallel with its western side during its final stage of activity 1,500,000 years ago and develops nearly all of the steep, higher flanks of the volcano. These viscous light-coloured lava flows are displayed at two cliffs with broad faces, known as Ornostay Bluff and Koosick Bluff and contain basic rock made of solidified rubble overlain by large fractured lava with massive, poorly established pillars.</p><br>
<p>Two cinder cones on Ice Peak&#39;s southern flank called Camp Hill and Cache Hill and possibly first erupted when glacial ice was still existing on the Edziza lava plateau. As lava flowed into the glacial ice above a vent, pools of meltwater were created. Continuous lava eruptions that flowed into the meltwater pools were cooled and fractured. This fragmental material was interrupted by explosions of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs called phreatic eruptions. Camp Hill was eventually developed and over time it grew above water level inside the meltwater lake. Later eruptions produced a pyroclastic cone on top of the original fragmental cone. Cache Hill erupted when nearly all the glacial ice had retreated. The first lava flows from Cache Hill flowed through and dammed a river valley, which eventually ponded to produce a small lake. Subsequent lava flows traveled into the lake to produce pillow lava and solidified rubble. During the long period of Ice Peak activity, high-altitude glaciers developed and melted cutting valleys into the volcano. The current 2,500 m high summit of Ice Peak is a remnant of the western rim of a small summit caldera, which has been nearly destroyed by erosion from high-altitude glaciation. Near the end of Ice Peak activity 1,500,000 years ago, this high-altitude glacial ice combined with the regional ice forming part of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. It is likely that only the tallest mountains might have been visible over the Cordilleran Ice Sheet which was at least 2,285 m thick. A small volume of intermediate lava was erupted from Ice Peak compared to the other central volcanoes.</p><br>
<h4>Mount Edziza eruptive period</h4><br>
<p>The fourth phase of activity began one million years ago when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated from the upper flanks of the adjacent lava plateau, creating Mount Edziza proper which is the most northerly of the four central volcanoes. It is a steep-sided stratovolcano and the largest and highest of the peaks that form the volcanic complex with an elevation of 2,787 m, overlapping the northern flank of Ice Peak. The stratovolcano is made up of a fine-grained volcanic rock called trachyte and is associated with several lava domes which were formed by trachyte lava flows and explosive eruptions. Its smooth northern and western flanks, only slightly channeled by erosion, curve up to a circular 2,700 m summit ridge which surrounds a central, ice-filled caldera 2 km in diameter. Many glaciers cover Mount Edziza proper, including the Tencho Glacier on its southern flank. Active cirques on the eastern flank have breached the caldera rim, exposing the remnants of numerous lava lakes which ponded in the caldera 900,000 years ago and rest on hydrothermally altered breccia of the main conduit. Piles of pillow lava and hyaloclastite, formed by subglacial eruptions, are found on the flanks of Mount Edziza and nearby Ice Peak, as well as on the surface of the surrounding shield volcano. Pillow Ridge on Edziza&#39;s northwest flank was formed when basaltic lava erupted beneath the regional Cordilleran Ice Sheet when it was close to its greatest thickness.</p><br>
<h4>Central volcano flank eruptive period</h4><br>
<p>The fifth and final phase of eruptive activity occurred from secondary volcanic vents along the flanks of the four central volcanoes starting 10,000 years ago. This phase of activity began at a time when remnants of glacial ice were still present and continued after the glacial period. The initial flank eruptions, quenched by glacial meltwater, formed hyaloclastite tuff rings, whereas later activity created 30 small cinder cones, primarily of basaltic composition, including Mess Lake Cone, Kana Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, Walkout Creek Cone, Moraine Cone, Sidas Cone, Sleet Cone, Storm Cone, Triplex Cone, Twin Cone, Cache Hill, Camp Hill, Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater, Nahta Cone, Tennena Cone, The Saucer and the well-preserved Eve Cone. These cinder cones were formed no earlier than the year 700 based on the age of burnt plant stems still rooted in former soil under 2 m of loose basaltic fragments. These cinder cones were built on the basaltic fragments and blocky lava fields surrounding the cones. The Snowshoe lava field, on the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau, is one of the areas of young lava flows in the region while the Desolation lava field, on the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau, is the largest area of young lava flows, covering an area of 150 km. The longest lava flow is 12 km. This volcanic activity was followed by at least two younger, but still undated eruptions, including an undated air-fall pumice deposit.</p><br>
<p>The undated air-fall pumice deposit exists across the southwestern part of the Big Raven Plateau called Sheep Track Pumice or Sheep Track member. This pumice deposit emphasizes one of the significant volcanic hazards linked to the Mount Edziza volcanic complex – the likelihood of a violent explosive eruption. The volcano that produced the pumice might be covered by glacial ice. Collaborators at the University of British Columbia have started work on samples collected from deposits of Sheep Track Pumice.</p><br>
<h3>Current activity</h3><br>
<p>The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is one of the eleven Canadian volcanoes associated with recent seismic activity: the others are Castle Rock, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, Hoodoo Mountain, The Volcano, Crow Lagoon, Silverthrone Caldera, Mount Meager, Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Nazko Cone. Seismic data suggests that these volcanoes still contain live magma plumbing systems, indicating possible future eruptive activity. Although the available data does not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canadas volcanoes are potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. The seismic activity correlates both with some of Canadas most youthful volcanoes, and with long-lived volcanic centres with a history of significant explosive behavior, such as the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.</p><br>
<p>The most recent volcanic activity at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex have been hot springs, several of which are found on the volcano&#39;s western flank, including Elwyn springs (36°C or 97°F), Taweh springs (46 °C or 115 °F), and inactive springs near Mess Lake. The springs are near the youngest lava fields of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and are most likely associated with the most recent eruptive activity.</p><br>
<p>Hot springs are closely associated with fumaroles, which are vents in an active volcanic area releasing steam and hot gases, such as sulfur dioxide. In general, the water is rotating groundwater that comes into contact with rocks heated by magma and finds openings to the surface. The formation of the springs depends both on the rocks the water has passed through and the profusion of volcanic discharges mixed with the groundwater. Iron oxide, iron sulfides and other substances usually colour pools of boiling mud brilliant yellow, red, brown or green. Hot springs comprising significantly softened silica may deposit it to form siliceous sinter, whereas those comprising softened calcium carbonate deposit spongy-looking calcareous rock called tufa. Overflow of the springs can build masses, spires or stepped terraces of calcareous sinter or tufa.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<h3>Indigenous people</h3><br>
<p>As early as 10,000 years ago, the Tahltan First Nations people, who now live in Dease Lake, Telegraph Creek and the Iskut, used obsidian from the Mount Edziza volcanic complex to make tools and weapons for trading material. Obsidian is a type of naturally occurring glass that is highly valued for its cutting qualities and is produced by the rapid cooling of lava. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic conchoidal fracture, creating razor sharp edges. A knife made of Edziza obsidian, possibly 2,000 years old, has been recovered in the Stikine River area. Two exposed columnar basalt formations exist within the volcanic complex: the Tahltan Eagle at the meeting of the Tahltan and Stikine rivers, and Pipe Organ Mountain. The Tahltan Eagle has significant spiritual and cultural importance to the Tahltan people, while the correct name and cultural significance of Pipe Organ Mountain to the Tahltan people is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic studies</h3><br>
<p>This area of long-lived volcanic activity has been studied and mapped in detail for many years by geoscientists. The first detail studying and mapping of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex was accomplished in the early 1970s by a Geological Survey of Canada society led by Canadian scientist Jack Souther. Edziza was a significant study area by Souther. While mapping, Souther looked at a mineral tenure map of Stikine Country and was surprised to see that many of the small cinder cones in the area had been maintained by mineral tenures. Upon investigation, the staking had been completed for the British Columbia Railway, then under construction to Dease Lake. The staking was designed to provide a ready source of weight for the railway bed. The Geological Survey of Canada agreed to support a series of Canada-wide lectures by Jack Souther to establish the Mount Edziza Provincial Park to protect the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Coincidentally, Jack Souther had an opportunity to examine the Red Dog (Spectrum) property gold veins and he accomplished several section studies of specimens. It was not Souther&#39;s intention to include in the park any of the mineralization within near-surface older rocks. However, the British Columbia Ministry of Parks established the Mount Edziza Recreation Area covering 1,007.7 km&sup2; on July 27, 1972 as the park proclamation, providing a 1 to 10 km wide buffer zone around the park area. On March 21, 1989, all but 40 km&sup2; of the recreation area, covering the Spectrum gold property on its margin, was surreptitiously merged with Mount Edziza Provincial Park, almost doubling its size to 2,287 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Southers studies in 1992 highlighted the importance and size of the region, and proposed that numerous subglacial eruptions emplaced lava in a sub-ice or ice-contact environment. More recent studies have worked on Southers contributions with more detailed studies which are funded by colleges and universities. Hungerford&#39;s studies in 2006 focused on subglacial volcanism, sampling pillow lavas to be used for degassing studies aimed at determining ice thicknesses during a subglacial eruption, and describing coeval glaciogenic sediments immediately underlying pillow lavas at the distal end of the lava flows. Hungerford also worked on describing glaciogenic sediments immediately underlying lava flows from Ice Peak adjacent to Tennena Cone, which may preserve a record of a one-million-year-old ice sheet.</p><br>
<p>Kristen LaMoreaux, another student of the University of Pittsburgh, focused on the emplacement of trachyte lava flows and domes. In 2006, LaMoreaux analyzed jointing patterns at Ornostay Bluff, a viscous series of trachyte lava flows on the western lava plateau of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. LaMoreaux also examined trachytic lava flows from Koosick Bluff and Triangle Dome, a trachytic lava dome which last erupted during the Pleistocene period. Other studies by LaMoreaux determined criteria for understanding how lava flow thickness may or may not be an indication that the progress of a lava flow was impeded by an ice barrier, resulting in an unusually thick lava flow.</p><br>
<p>Chira Endress, a student of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States, focused on a section of glaciogenic sediments immediately beneath the same Ice Peak trachyte lava flow sampled and described by Jeff Hungerford during his 2006 studies. Endress ettempted to determine if the sediments were deposited immediately before the lava flow was emplaced, or if they are likely to be much older. Endress has quantified the mineralogy of clasts and sand-sized particles from samples in the sediment, and has determined that the mineralogy of several of the trachytic clasts is very similar to that in the overlying lava flow, including the minerals clinopyroxene, magnetite, alkali feldspar, and aenigmatite. Endress has also found small lenses of pristine basaltic glass, which could have derived from the Pillow Ridge subglacial mound near Mount Edziza.</p><br>
<p>Alexander S. Lloyd, a student of Dickinson College, focused on the cooling rates of pillow lavas. Lloyd studied in detail the variation in crystal sizes from the edge pristine pillow lava, which could have derived from nearby Pillow Ridge which last erupted during the Pleistocene period.</p><br>
<p>Courtney Haynes, another student of Dickinson College, focused on mathematics of the pillow lavas in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring</h2><br>
<p>Currently the Mount Edziza volcanic complex is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active the volcano&#39;s magma system is. The existing network of seismographs has been established to monitor tectonic earthquakes and is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening beneath the volcanic complex. The network may sense an increase in activity if the volcano becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption. It might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting.</p><br>
<p>A possible way to detect an eruption is studying Edziza&#39;s geological history since every volcano has its own pattern of behavior, in terms of its eruption style, magnitude and frequency, so that its future eruption is expected to be similar to its previous eruptions.</p><br>
<p>While there is a likelihood of Canada being critically affected by local or close by volcanic eruptions argues that some kind of improvement program is required. Benefit-cost thoughts are critical to dealing with natural hazards. However, a benefit-cost examination needs correct data about the hazard types, magnitudes and occurrences. These do not exist for volcanoes in British Columbia or elsewhere in Canada in the detail required.</p><br>
<p>Other volcanic techniques, such as hazard mapping, displays a volcano&#39;s eruptive history in detail and speculates an understanding of the hazardous activity that could possibly be expected in the future. A large volcanic hazard program has never existed within the Geological Survey of Canada. The information has been collected in a lengthy, separate way from the support of several employees, such as volcanologists and other geologic scientists. Current knowledge is best established at Mount Meager in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt of southwestern British Columbia and is likely to rise considerably with a temporary mapping and monitoring project. Knowledge at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and other volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is not as established, but certain contributions are being done at least Mount Cayley, another volcano in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. An intensive program classifiying infrastructural exposure near all young Canadian volcanoes and quick hazard assessments at each individual volcanic edifice associated with recent seismic activity would be in advance and would produce a quick and productive determination of priority areas for further efforts.</p><br>
<p>The existing network of seismographs to monitor tectonic earthquakes has existed since 1975, although it remained small in population until 1985. Apart from a few short-term seismic monitoring experiments by the Geological Survey of Canada, no volcano monitoring has been accomplished at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex or at other volcanoes in Canada at a level approaching that in other established countries with historically active volcanoes. Active or restless volcanoes are usually monitored using at least three seismographs all within approximately 15 km, and frequently within 5 km, for better sensitivity of detection and reduced location errors, particularly for earthquake depth. Such monitoring detects the risk of an eruption, offering a forecasting capability which is important to mitigating volcanic risk. Currently the Mount Edziza volcanic complex does not have a seismograph closer than 88 km. With increasing distance and declining numbers of seismographs used to indicate seismic activity, the prediction capability is reduced because earthquake location accuracy and depth decreases, and the network becomes less accurate. At carefully monitored volcanoes both the located and noticed events are recorded and surveyed immediately to improve the understanding of a future eruption.</p><br>
<p>In countries like Canada it is possible that small precursor earthquake swarms might go undetected, particularly if no events were observed; more significant events in larger swarms would be detected but only a minor subdivision of the swarm events would be complex to clarify them with confidence as volcanic in nature, or even associate them with an individual volcanic edifice.</p><br>
<p>The William J. Dickey House is located on Imperial Avenue in Cohoes, New York, United States. It was built for Dickey, the superintendent of a local textile mill, in 1890, by an unknown architect.</p><br>
<p>It is a well-preserved example of local Queen Anne-style residential architecture. In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is a frame two-story three-bay home with a cross-gabled roof that comes to a jerkin shape in the front (west) side. A porch wraps around the first story to the south elevation. The south bay on the front side is projecting, with Stick-style decoration between the second-story window and roofline. On the south side is another projecting two-story bay with similarly tall bay window. The north profile features a round-arched stained glass window that illuminates a staircase.</p><br>
<p>The interior retains much of the original finishing. Most noteworthy among it is the wall plaster, architraves and door surrounds.</p><br>
<p>In the rear of the property is a small barn with clapboard siding and a gabled roof. It is considered a contributing resource and is now the house&#39;s garage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Imperial Avenue was one of the first streets laid out after Cohoes reincorporated as a city in 1869 and extended the municipal boundary to the west, opening up possibilities for new homes for the citys managerial class. It runs across the top of a sharp rise a mile west of downtown. Dickeys house is at the highest point on the street.</p><br>
<p>The Cohoes Daily News of March 1, 1890, reported on Dickey&#39;s move into his new house. He and his wife, having taken up residence a few days previously, received a surprise visit from their friends, who gave them a hanging lamp as a housewarming gift.</p><br>
<p>Ten years later, in the early 20th century, the stained glass window was put in. There have been no other significant alterations to the house since then. It remains a private residence today.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Building is a historic commercial building located at 401-411 North Main Street in Downtown Pueblo, Colorado, USA. The building was built in 1925 for the Southern Colorado Investment Company, and was designed by the William N. Bowman Co. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17, 1992.</p><br>
<p>It is a four-story building with tapestry brick, predominantly dark red, on its facades. It has vertical divisions of windows set off by columns of off-white brick. It has eight of these divisions on its Main Street facade, and 16 vertical divisions on its 4th Street facade. It has rectangular white panels, outlined in red, under each window on its second, third, and fourth floors, which were to hold 160 office rooms. It has a parapet capped by white and it has a terra cotta frieze just below its cornice.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Bard Memorial Hospital, also known as Bard Hospital, built in 1902, is an office building in Downtown Ventura, California. Featuring covered terraces and a covered porch with a three-story bell tower at the southeast corner, the facade is considered a quintessential Mission Revival Style building. This building was among the numerous that used this easily recognizable architectural style during the Mission Revival movement that was at its greatest popularity between 1890 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>Thomas R. Bard and his brother, Dr. Cephas Little Bard, established the hospital as a memorial to their mother. Cephas Bard, who may have been the first American doctor in Ventura County, was the first patient to die in the Bard Hospital The City Council of Ventura designated this building Historic Landmark Number 19 by resolution on March 8, 1976 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The Los Angeles Conservancy holds a conservation easement protecting the hospital building’s facade.</p><br>
<p>Feraud General Merchandise Store, also known as 1903 Building, was built in 1903 in Ventura, California. Jules Feraud opened the Feraud Bakery and Grocery Store and the bakery stayed in the family until 1944. The brick building is a rare intact example of turn-of-the-century commercial architecture during Second Land Boom  after the tracks of the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in Ventura. The City Council of Ventura designated the building Historic Landmark Number 35 by resolution on July 17, 1978. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Location and notable tenants</h2><br>
<p>The primary address is 2 W. Main Street where a bar currently operates. 12 W. Main Street became a barbershop in mid 1940s where Phillip E. Marquez "Phil the Barber" operated for 63 years. Phil the Barber retired in 2010 at the age of 96 and died on February 15, 2011. His family was among the original settlers of what was known as "Tortilla Flats" and he was considered a local icon cutting hair for generations of Venturans on the West Side. The Mayor Of Ventura declared June 5, 2011 "Phil Marquez Day" The Store currently operates as Artisan Soap and Bath store, but has photos of Phil donated by the Marquez Family on Display. There are also two addresses, 25 and 35 south Ventura Avenue, along the side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>The Mission San Buenaventura is about two blocks east of the building as the early commercial district was centered around the mission including the extant Arcade Building, 38-50 west Main Street, that is just west of the Feraud building.</p><br>
<p>These buildings are just outside the Mission Historic District that lies on the other side of Ventura Avenue to the east.</p><br>
<p>The J. Leonard Lackman House is located on Imperial Avenue in Cohoes, New York, United States. Lackman was a local gunsmith and locksmith. His descendants still own and reside in the house as of 2009.</p><br>
<p>It was built in the late 19th century in the then-popular Queen Anne architectural style. In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story, two-bay wood frame dwelling on a stone foundation. The first story is sided in clapboard; the second in imbricate shingle, flaring out at the floor line slightly. Both are currently painted different colors. The roof is steeply pitched and gabled.</p><br>
<p>The mass of the house is broken up on every side in different ways, most noticeably at the front. The facade there, facing the street to the west, features the entrance&#39;s double wooden doors inside an enclosed porch on the north bay. It in turn has a pedimented roof. Above it rises a small turret with a window in the chamfered north and west and columns that rise to support a steep conical spirelet. To the south of the porch is a large, projecting bay window. This is topped with an overhanging bay on the second story and then the overhanging gabled dormer above it, bracketed by carved swags.</p><br>
<p>On the north, the profile is broken by a projecting bay as well, on both stories, supporting another gable with carved swag brackets. A nearby stair bay is lit by a round-topped stained glass window. The south elevation features an enclosed brick porch with corbeled columns supporting a frieze at the flared roofline. Another porch, this time wooden, is on the east (rear) facade, which offers a view over downtown Cohoes and the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>The interior has seen little change. Many of its decorative features survive, such as the wall plaster, door surrounds, architraves, patterned metal ceilings and mantels. The entry hall, its newel-posted stairway lit by the stained-glass window on the north profile, has an inlaid parquet floor, delicate fireplace and mantel.</p><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring  is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan, Shandong, China. It is mentioned in the Spring and Autumn Annals, one of the Five Classics of Chinese literature, and was declared the "Number One Spring under the Heaven" by the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty.</p><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring is the most renowned among the more than 70 named artesian springs in the downtown area of the city of Jinan. The water of all these springs originates from an Ordovician karst aquifer under the city. As the terrain around Jinan slopes from the south down to the north, the recharge area for the aquifer is located in the mountainous area to the south of the city. The recharge area of the springs covers 1,500 square kilometres, out of which 550 km provide direct recharge and 950 km indirect recharge.</p><br>
<p>Altogether, the springs fed by the aquifer have a discharge of about 300,000-350,000 cubic metres per day. Since the 1970s, the springs have stopped flowing several times because too much water has been taken out from the aquifer for human consumption (more than 270,000 m3 per day in the 1970s).</p><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring is part of a cluster of about 20 named springs. Water age estimates suggest that its water originates from shallow circulation.</p><br>
<p>The spring pool of the Baotu Spring is fed by an underwater limestone water through three outlets, the volume of the water coming out of the spring can reach peak values up to 1.6 cubic metres per second. The water jets from the spring are said to have reached highs up to 26 metres. The water temperature remains constant of 18 degree Celsius through the entire year.</p><br>
<h2>Other springs in the Baotu Group</h2><br>
<p>Among the other springs in the Baotu Group that are also on the list of the "seventy-two famous springs" in Jinan are:</p><br>
<p>*Jinxian Spring</p><br>
<p>*Huanghua Spring</p><br>
<p>*Liuxu Spring</p><br>
<p>*Woniu Spring (, literally "lying cattle spring")</p><br>
<p>*Shuyu Spring</p><br>
<p>*Mapao Spring</p><br>
<p>*Wuyou Spring (, literally "carefree spring")</p><br>
<p>*Shiwan Spring</p><br>
<p>*Zhanlu Spring</p><br>
<p>*Manjing Spring</p><br>
<p>*Dengzhou Spring</p><br>
<p>*Dukang Spring</p><br>
<p>*Wangshui Spring</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The existence of the Baotu Spring has been dated back more than 3,500 years to the times of the Shang dynasty. In Li Daoyuan&#39;s time, the Baotu Spring and adjacent springs formed the source of the ancient Luo River; it now flows into Daming Lake via the old city moat, then the Xiaoqing River. The present-day name of the spring refers to the gushing up of the water. It dates back to the Song dynasty; previously the spring had been known under different names such as "Baoliu" and "Lanquan".</p><br>
<p>The area of the Baotu Spring as well as some neighboring springs in the same group are protected by a public park . The park was created in 1956 and covers now about 10.5 hectares.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The spring water feeds into a rectangular spring pool that extends 30 meters from east to west and 18 meters from north to south. The spring pool is surrounded by historical structures such as the Leyuan (or Luoyuan) Hall (Song dynasty, to the north of the spring), the Guanlan Pavilion (Ming dynasty, west of the spring), and the Laihe Bridge (built during the Wanli era in the Ming dynasty, east of the spring). Close by, on the shore of the spring&#39;s runoff stands the Wangheting Teahouse. Other noteworthy structures are the Banbi Corridor and the Waterside Chamber. The largest architectural ensemble is the 10,000 Bamboo Garden . It comprises 186 buildings arranged around 13 courtyards as well as four pavilions and five bridges. Originally built during the Yuan dynasty, it served as the residence of the governor of Shandong during the Ming dynasty. Later, it was the home of the poet Wang Ping, who purchased it during the Qing dynasty in 1692. In 1912, Zhang Huaizhi, a commander of the local army who later became governor of Shandong Province, bought the garden and kept enlarging it from 1912 to 1927. Other gardens and architectural ensembles within the park are the Cang Garden (with the memorial to Wang Xuetao), the Luoyuan Garden, the Hundred Flowers Garden, and the (May 3rd Massacre) Memorial Garden.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Baotu Spring has been a recurring subject of classic Chinese literature and has been written about by authors such as Zeng Gong (Song dynasty), Zhao Mengfu (Yuan dynasty), and Pu Songling (Qing dynasty). During the Qing dynasty, the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors visited the spring and left inscriptions there. The Qianlong Emperor conferred on it the honorary title "First Spring under the Heaven" .</p><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring public park also houses memorials to the local painters Li Kuchan (1898–1983) and Wang Xuetao (1903–1982) as well as to the poet Li Qingzhao. The latter has a memorial hall set in a traditional courtyard dedicated to her.</p><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring is the site of an annual lantern festival (starts on the Chinese New Year day and lasts for one month, and a chrysanthemum show (since the 1970s, held from the end of October to the end of November.</p><br>
<p>A local beer brand ("Baotu Quan" beer produced by Jinan Beer Group Corporation) is named after the spring and said to be brewed with water from the spring.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Baotu Spring is located right to the southwest of the city center of Jinan, on the outer side of the old city moat and near the west end of Quancheng Road ; its street address is Baotu Spring South Road 1 , Jinan, Shandong.</p><br>
<p>Links of Noltland is an archaeological site near Grobust Bay on the north coast of Westray in Orkney, Scotland. The site contains the remains of both a Neolithic village and later Bronze Age dwellings.</p><br>
<p>Excavations at the site () in the 1980s found a Neolithic building, which is now in the care of Historic Scotland who are funding further excavation.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the Westray Wife was discovered, a lozenge-shaped figurine that is believed to be the earliest representation of a human face ever found in Scotland. The face has two dots for eyes, heavy brows and an oblong nose and a pattern of hatches on the body could represent clothing. Archaeologist Richard Strachan described it at the time as a find of "astonishing rarity".</p><br>
<p>Two further figurines were subsequently found at the site, one in 2010 and the other in 2012, a situation described as "unprecedented" by Culture Minister Fiona Hyslop.</p><br>
<p>There may have been several phases of occupation, as the first figurine was probably carved 2500 - 3000 BCE and one structure has been dated to c. 2000 BCE. Other finds include polished bone beads, tools, and grooved ware pottery. The full extent of the site is believed to exceed the size of Skara Brae on the Orkney mainland.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are being backfilled to protect them from winter storms.</p><br>
<p>Another 2009 discovery is that of a large building for collective use described as a "village hall". The structure overlooks the main settlement and would have been about 20 m wide and had walls 3 m thick. Other finds are revealing a remarkably detailed picture of life in the settlement over a long period of time spanning the Neolithic and early Bronze Age. It is clear that the residents farmed crops such as barley, kept livestock such as cattle and sheep and were partial to venison.</p><br>
<p>Nearby are Queen o&#39; Howe broch, The Lum Head chambered tomb and the ruins of Noltland Castle.</p><br>
<p>Bristol College, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, was an Episcopal college founded in 1833 by the Episcopal Education Society and chartered in 1834. It was based on the "manual labour system", combining education with agricultural work. The founding principal was Chauncey Colton and Caleb Sprague Henry was professor of moral and intellectual philosophy. The college closed in 1837.</p><br>
<p>The college was built on the banks of the Delaware River about three miles from Bristol. The White Hall of the College, built by Alexander Jackson Davis in Greek Revival style, is on the National Register of Historic Places. White Hall was used as a hospital during the Civil War, and from 1868 through the 1880s as an orphanage for the children of colored soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The center columned section of the last remaining building, White Hall was condemned and later demolished in the 1980s. The East and West wings still stand and act as apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Gregory Thurston Bedell (1817-1892), Bishop of Ohio (Episcopal Church)</p><br>
<p>William Muhlenberg Hiester</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Chew Tilghman</p><br>
<p>Richard Grant White (1822-1885), literary scholar and critic (Father of Stanford White).</p><br>
<p>The Bürgenstock is a mountain in Switzerland  located partway along the shore of Lake Lucerne. Bürgenstock is also a resort located at 874 m a.s.l. on the same mountain. The lookout point at the summit of the Bürgenstock, the Hemmetschwand, offers an extensive view, for the mountain is almost entirely surrounded by Lake Lucerne.</p><br>
<p>The small resort Bürgenstock can be reached by a road as well as with the Bürgenstock Funicular which starts from the boat landing pier at Kehrsiten-Bürgenstock on Lake Lucerne. The highest summit of the Bürgenstock can be reached from the resort by foot and by means of a cliff-side path followed by the Hammetschwand Elevator.</p><br>
<p>The new Bürgenstock resort featuring 30 buildings, including three hotels with around 400 rooms (800 beds), 68 Residence Suites and 12 restaurants and bars is under construction. Of the total investment of CHF 485 million, CHF 320 million has already been expended. It reopens 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>When looked at from Lucerne, the Bürgenstock has the typical mountain shape of a "stock". Especially in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the term "Stock" is used for a number of mountains whose shape of summits is clearly set off from the bulk.</p><br>
<p>The term Bürgenstock, composed of the descriptive words "Bürgen" and "Stock", has evolved since the mid-19th century into the geographical name for the distinctive mountain on the "Bürgen" peninsula as seen from Lucerne.</p><br>
<p>From the early Middle Ages on, the mountain on this peninsula was called Bürgenberg; an arbitral settlement from the year 1378, putting an end to over 38 years of dispute between the estates Lucerne and Nidwalden about the affiliation of the region extending from Kehrsiten to Mattgrat, uses the name Bürgenberg in its records.</p><br>
<p>Old maps and frontier records of the Corporation of Lucerne which mention the – in those times – disputed forest call it the Stadtwald am Bürgenberg (forest on the Bürgenberg) or Bürgenbergwald (Bürgen mountain forest).</p><br>
<p>On the Dufourkarte (Dufour Map), the topographic map of Switzerland from 1844 to 1864, the mountain ridge as a whole had no name. The highest crest was referred to as Hametschwand.</p><br>
<p>The geographical name Bürgenstock was first documented in the year 1836 by Aloys Businger in his book “Der Kanton Unterwalden”. Businger calls the entire Bürgen peninsula the Bürgenberg; however, he refers to the highest elevation both as Hammetschwand and Bürgenstock.</p><br>
<p>In addition, in the year 1850, the Director of the Lucerne Teacher&#39;s Training College Niklaus Rietschi published a private map, in which the terms Bürgenstock together with the term Hammetschwand are recorded for the summit.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the company Bucher & Durrer laid the foundation for the hotel complex on the Alp Tritt. For this purpose, it chose the already existing geographical name of Bürgenstock, also documented in 1836 by Aloys Businger in his book “Der Kanton Unterwalden”.</p><br>
<p>The first official map to use the geographical name Bürgenstock was the so-called “Siegfriedkarte” Siegfried Map, whose publication, started by the Federal Topographic Bureau under Hermann Siegfried, continued from 1870 until 1926. The name Bürgenstock appears on sheet 377 of the Siegfried Map and dates back to 1896.</p><br>
<p>Around 1900, the designation Bürgenstock established itself as a general colloquial term for the entire mountain ridge, from Stansstad in the West to "Untere Nase" in the East. A corresponding entry in the "Geographischen Lexikon der Schweiz" (Geographical Dictionary of Switzerland) can be found in 1910.</p><br>
<p>In the Swiss maps of our days, the name Bürgenstock designates the mountain ridge – with the term Hammetschwand as alternative – as well as the location of the hotel and residential complex. Bürgenstock as a geographical name can be found twice in the official Swiss index of cities and towns. The locality Bürgenstock is listed in the postal code listing of Switzerland under the postal code 6363. Today, the residential streets of the valley communities Stansstad and Ennetbürgen, connecting the entire mountain ridge, carry the name Bürgenstockstrasse.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical situation</h2><br>
<p>The Bürgenstock is a mountain ridge that stretches over 10 km and is surrounded to the north, east and southeast by Lake Lucerne. The northern slope drops very steeply into the lake. On and at the bottom of the southern slope is the township of Ennetbürgen; Stansstad is situated at the bottom of the western end.</p><br>
<p>For the most part, the mountain belongs to the municipality of Ennetbürgen in the canton of Nidwalden. The western part belongs to the municipality of Stansstad. A part of the northern steep drop into the lake is an exclave of the city of Lucerne and is called Bürgenberg (aka citizen&#39;s mountain).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, the Bürgenstock belongs to the foothills of the Pilatus and the Helvetic border chain. The rocks are from the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Below the Hammetschwand, the following layers can be distinguished on the north side: siliceous limestone, Drusberg layers (forming a forest belt), bright Schrattenkalk limestone with orbitolina layers overlaid by Seewerkalk limestone.</p><br>
<p>Above this there is a transgression of Assilina Greensand and Nummulitic limestone of the Lutetian age, which is found mainly on the southern downward slope with its gentler incline.</p><br>
<p>During the last ice age, the Bürgenstock was completely covered by an ice stream flowing from the Gotthard into the foothills of the Alps. Abrasion marks left by the ice on the limestone are found including in the highest altitudes. Large granite boulders which were transported by the ice from the Gotthard, are distributed over the whole mountain, as for example an 18 m3 large, round specimen on a steep slope on the Allwägli land reserve, which in 1949 was placed under protection. After the regression of the ice, the Bürgenstock was at first an island in Lake Lucerne. In the course of a few thousand years, however, the Engelberger Aa River filled up the area between the Engelberger valley entrance and the Bürgenstock with sediments, creating today&#39;s flat valley between the townships Ennetbürgen, Buochs, Stans and Stansstad.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Home to a number of luxury hotels and a conference centre, the Bürgenstock has been a popular holiday and conferencing destination since 1872. Also located on the Bürgenstock is Europe&#39;s tallest outdoor lift: the Hammetschwand Lift connects the beautiful scenic cliff path with the Hammetschwand vantage point, from where extensive views of Lake Lucerne and the surrounding mountains are to be had.</p><br>
<p>A protection plan is in place for the Bürgenstock to safeguard its testimony to Switzerlands post-Second World War tourism heritage. Alongside the Grand Hotel and Palace Hotel, this comprises numerous smaller buildings erected in the 1950s and 1960s. The Office of Historical Monuments of the canton of Nidwalden, the owners, Nidwaldens cantonal council (in NW: Regierungsrat) and the municipality&#39;s government sought successfully to preserve the historical buildings by establishing a committee mandated with developing a master plan to place the buildings under heritage protection. The historical weather station has since been relocated to a different site. The Grand Hotel, the oldest establishment in the Bürgenstock Resort, has undergone partial demolition, although its facade is now being rebuilt to match the original and the interior features a new, up-to-date room layout. From a historical perspective, it was deemed important that the Bürgenstock resort should continue to make its presence felt within the Lake Lucerne region through its distinctive silhouette, and be kept as an ensemble of buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History of the hotel complex</h2><br>
<p>In 1871 the Bucher & Durrer Company, domiciled in Kerns, bought Alp Tritt on Mount Bürgenberg. The company named its new hotel venture "Bürgenstock". The Hotel Kurhaus, later called the Grand Hotel, opened on 23 June 1873. A small hydroelectric power plant on the Engelberger Aa river was built in Buochs in 1886/7 to power the Bürgenstock funicular railway and the Stanserhorn aerial cableway. The railway commenced operations in 1888, as did the hotel&#39;s own water supply. That same year saw the opening of the Park Hotel. The Bürgenstock Chapel dates from 1897. The Palace Hotel opened in 1904, and a number of villas emerged east of it between 1900 and 1905. The Hammetschwand Lift was inaugurated in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Friedrich Frey-Fürst bought the Bürgenstock hotels in 1925. The period 1925 to 1948 saw the three hotels subjected to thoroughgoing renovations and the golf course opened in 1928. Friedrich Frey-Fürst died in 1953, at which point his son Fritz Frey took charge under whose direction various structural and infrastructural changes were made. During his tenure and that of his family, celebrities including actors Sophia Loren, Audrey Hepburn and Sean Connery and politicians such as Jimmy Carter and Henry Kissinger stayed as guests at the hotels.</p><br>
<p>The family sold the Bürgenstock Resort to the UBS in 1996. It was acquired in 2000 by Richemont Héritage SA of Vich, Canton Vaud together with five other five-star hotels indebted to the UBS to the tune of some CHF 115 million. The company changed its name to Rosebud Hotels Holding SA in 2003 after disposing of its eponymous Hotel Richemont. The Barwa Real Estate Company, domiciled in the Emirate of Qatar, took up a 50% holding in the companys assets in 2007 which, alongside the Bürgenstock hotels, comprised the Schweizerhof in Bern and the Royal-Savoy in Lausanne. On separating from Rosebud Hotels Holding SA in 2008, the Barwa Real Estate Company became sole proprietor of the Bürgenstock Resort. There followed a new concept under manager Bruno H. Schöpfer. In 2009 the Barwa Real Estate Company transferred its Swiss hotel portfolio to the Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company, which is wholly owned by the State of Qatar; its subsidiary, QDHP Swiss Management AG, became responsible for managing the hotel projects. Katara Hospitality, a subsidiary of the Qatar Investment Authority – the State of Qatars sovereign wealth fund – became the new investor in 2011. The same year saw the launch of the Bürgenstock Selection brand identity, which incorporates the new Bürgenstock Resort, the Hotel Royal-Savoy in Lausanne and the Hotel Schweizerhof in Bern. The Swiss activities were transferred in 2012 to Katara Hospitality Switzerland AG; domiciled in Zug, the company operates the hotels in Switzerland. Since 2013, 72 of the 74 building licences applied for have been issued and more than CHF 120 million invested.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Honegg has been renovated and reopened in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the new Bürgenstock Resort was laid on 26 March 2014. A car-free resort featuring 30 buildings, including three hotels with around 400 rooms (800 beds), 68 Residence Suites and 12 restaurants and bars is under construction. Of the total investment of CHF 485 million, CHF 320 million has already been expended. The resort opens in 2017 and will operate all year round.</p><br>
<p>Elements of the Bürgenstock Resort have remained open throughout the period of construction.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of 2002, the parties involved in South Sudan&#39;s civil war signed the Bürgenstock Agreement on the Bürgenstock.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2004, Bürgenstock was site to negotiations between Turkish and Greek Cypriots on the issue of accession to the EU.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The 19th century Bürgenstock Chapel is located in immediate vicinity of the hotels and at the beginning of the cliff path on the Bürgenstock. It is still owned by the former hotelier family Frey who left their mark on the Bürgenstock hotels from 1925 to 1997, as well as the non-profit Frey-Fürst Foundation. The Bürgenstock Chapel is a replica of the chapel of St. Jost which lies on the slopes of the Bürgenstock Mountain on the territory of the township of Ennetbürgen and is the oldest Gothic sanctuary in the Swiss canton of Nidwaldens. The Bürgenstock Chapel was built in 1897 under the orders of Countess Tancrède de la Baume, née Pozzo di Borgo, who had set up her summer residence in the hotel village on the Bürgenstock. Among other things, she had an ornate wooden, polychrome Gothic ceiling reproduced in detail in the chapel. Further elements of interior design and decoration are also replicas from the 17th century and are from different churches in Switzerland. The sculpture "Dance of Death" by the Swiss sculptor Hans Jörg Limbach (1928-1990) is located directly next to the chapel. The Bürgenstock Chapel also became famous because of the wedding of actress Audrey Hepburn with Mel Ferrer in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The rich cultural tradition established in the 19th and 20th centuries on the Bürgenstock is continued today by several private and independent cultural organisations:</p><br>
<p>On 13 November 2009, the "Bürgenstock Kunst- und Kulturstiftung" (Bürgenstock Foundation of Art and Culture) - located in Ennetbürgen - was founded to preserve historical furniture and antiques from the hotels built in the 19th century on the Bürgenstock. Around 8000 people visited the special exhibition honouring the foundation: titled Zukunft hat Herkunft – Grand Hotellerie von einst und morgen (1870–2014) (Provenance with a future – Grand Hotellerie yesterday and tomorrow), it ran at the Palace Hotel from June to December 2011 and featured exhibits from Switzerland&#39;s hospitality legacy. The foundation joined forces with the University of Teacher Education Lucerne to realise an educational trail on the Cliff Path. 1.5 kilometres in length, it was opened on 26 June 2015.</p><br>
<p>The "Stiftung Bürgenstock Momente" (Foundation Bürgenstock Moments) was created on 11 May 2012 with the aim of implementing cultural events and concerts, also at the historic site of the Bürgenstock Chapel. Under the direction of Peter Frey – a descendant of the former hotelier family – the Stiftung Bürgenstock Momente has its seat directly in the village of Bürgenstock and attracts music fans from around the world to the Bürgenstock, with its yearly week of classical music called "Carnival of the Stradivari", amongst others.</p><br>
<p>Corviglia is a location on the eastern slopes of Piz Nair, overlooking St. Moritz in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the watershed between the rivers Schlattain  and the Ovel da la Resgia , at an elevation of 2,486 m. Corviglia is mainly accessible from the town by the St. Moritz–Corviglia funicular, via Chantarella. At Corviglia, an aerial tramway climbs west to Piz Nair , unloading slightly below its summit.</p><br>
<p>Corviglia is also the name of the ski area directly above St. Moritz. This area, together with the fully integrated Marguns area which is centered above the neighboring town of Celerina, is the largest skiing area in the Engadin. It hosted the alpine skiing events of the 1948 Winter Olympics and the World Championships in 1974 and 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Minnequa Steel Works Office Building and Dispensary are historic buildings in Pueblo, Colorado. The main office building served as headquarters of Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. The medical dispensary building served as a medical clinic for treatment of minor injuries and illnesses, and in later years, as both clinic and personnel office for the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. Opened in 1902, the six-room Spanish Mission style building contained waiting, drug, consultation, surgical and storage rooms, in addition to sleeping and office quarters for attending physicians. In 1902, as the company payroll exceeded 5,000 employees, the Dispensary handled an average of seventy-five cases daily. As employee numbers grew, medical staff also began treating families of employees. The building was used as a medical building for mill employees until the early 1990s. The Minnequa Steelworks Office Building, built in 1901, served as company headquarters until the early 1990s. Here, many office functions occurred including purchasing, finance, payroll, engineering, and other administrative functions. The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 and amended to the National Level of Significance of the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Owned and operated by the, the medical dispensary building is the home of the Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture, which opened on January 19, 2007. The museum&#39;s exhibits include the local history of coal mining, steel production, railroads, labor, and the impact of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company on the region. The main administration building will serve as the second phase of the Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture in the coming years.</p><br>
<p>Pueblo Union Depot is the historic railroad station in Pueblo, Colorado. It was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style in 1889-1890 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Initially the station was served by the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the Colorado & Southern Railway (which was acquired by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1908), the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and the Chicago Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Today the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railroad share use of the tracks, and the depot is privately owned. Regular passenger train service no longer exists but proposals including the Front Range Commuter Rail, which would provide service to Denver and Colorado Springs has been made. In addition, the depot may soon be included on the route of the Southwest Chief.</p><br>
<p>Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson arrived at the depot, as did Vice-Presidential candidate Joe Biden and Presidential candidate John Kerry.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The Pueblo Union Depot is located at 132 W. "B" Street, located within the Union Avenue Historic Commercial District. It is owned by Joseph and James Koncilja, two brothers and prominent members of the Pueblo community. Amtrak&#39;s Southwest Chief is proposed to stop here in the future.</p><br>
<p>Bardsdale United Methodist Church is an historic church located at 1498 Bardsdale Avenue in the unincorporated community of Bardsdale, California, in Ventura County. It is south of the Santa Clara River approximately 3 mi from Fillmore.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1898, as Bardsdale Methodist Episcopal Church, this carpenter Gothic structure with a 60 ft bell tower and high-peaked arches has long been a center of community life in Bardsdale. The town&#39;s namesake, Thomas R. Bard, donated the land for construction of the church and parsonage. He also donated funds to help purchase two large stained glass windows installed in the north and west walls.</p><br>
<p>When the church opened, in April 1898, the Los Angeles Times reported on its dedication:"The Bardsdale Methodist Episcopal Church was dedicated last Sunday by Dr. G.W. White of Los Angeles. The building cost $2550, will seat 350 persons, and has a fine basement fitted for social gatherings. There was $550 remaining due on the building, which was subscribed Sunday morning."</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 1968, the Methodist Church was merged with the Evangelical United Brethren Church to form the United Methodist Church. The name was then changed to Bardsdale United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the ceiling fell on a parishioner during a service in 1982, leading to an extensive renovation. The renovation and restoration work included materials purchased from a church in Los Angeles that had closed in 1982. The materials salvaged from that church included stained-glass windows, an oak chancel, chandeliers, pews, marble facing around the interior doors, a hand-carved pulpit, lectern and communion rail.</p><br>
<p>The church also features a Schoenstein pipe organ that was purchased in 1986, with $60,000 donated by parishioners. In a tradition dating back to the mid-1960s, the Bardsdale Chancel Choir performs a free holiday vesper program during the Christmas season.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the clapboard church County Landmark #50 in 1979, calling it "the only example of carpenter Gothic in the Fillmore-Bardsdale area." The Gothic church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Aquinas Chapel is a former Catholic chapel located in Ojai, in Ventura County of southern California. It now houses the city&#39;s museum, research library, and historical society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>The St. Thomas Aquinas Chapel was designed by regionally renowned San Diego architect Richard Requa, and Frank Mead, in the Mission Revival with Spanish Colonial Revival style. It was built in 1918 to replace Ojais original wooden Catholic church that had been destroyed by fire. Requa also designed the Mission—Spanish Colonial styled downtown Arcade and Watchtower landmarks, as part of civic leader Edward Drummond Libbeys early 20th century Ojai city beautification project.</p><br>
<h3>Transition</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, the parish outgrew the downtown facility and moved to Meiners Oaks. By the early 1990s, the historic chapel was described as "cracked and crumbling to its foundation, and temporarily locked behind a rented chain-link fence." In 1990 church officials considered demolishing the chapel and selling the land. City officials and historical and architectural preservationists responded by seeking funding to acquirre and preserve the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the City of Ojai purchased the historic chapel and parish hall from the Catholic Church for $385,000. The Aquinas chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Current civic uses</h2><br>
<p>The St. Thomas Aquinas Chapel building now houses the Ojai Valley Museum, Ojai Valley Historical Society, and the Ojai Valley Museum Research Library. The museum exhibits collections of vintage Ojai pioneer artifacts and photographs, Chumash Native American baskets, and contemporary art.</p><br>
<p>The Baimai Springs  are a group of artesian karst springs located in the town of Ming Shui, Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province, China about 25 kilometres west from the city centre of the provincial capital Jinan. The site of the springs is renowned for its natural beauty and as the one-time residence of the female Song Dynasty poet Li Qingzhao.</p><br>
<p>The Baimai Spring proper is located in the courtyard of the Dragon Spring Temple (). Its spring pool covers a rectangular area of 25 by 14.5 metres and has a depth of 2 metres. The springs and the historical buildings that surround them are part of a public park (Baimai Spring Park, ). The park was established in 1985 and covers an area of 25 hectares. Besides the springs, it also contains some small lakes, such as Wanquan Lake (, literally "10,000 Springs Lake") that are fed by the springs. Within the park, the Qingzhao Ci Poetry Garden is laid out according to the aesthetic principles of ci poetry with the four romantic themes: wind, flowers, snow, and moon.</p><br>
<h2>Springs in the group</h2><br>
<p>* Baimai Spring ()</p><br>
<p>* Dongmawan Spring ()</p><br>
<p>* Mo Spring (, literally "Black Ink Spring")</p><br>
<p>* Plum Blossom Spring ()</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The street address of the park is Number 31 Huiquan Road, Mingshui, Zhangqiu, Shandong, China.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Cathedral is located at 113 N. 18th Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Nebraskas first Episcopal parish, Trinity was established in 1856, and became the states first Episcopal cathedral in 1872. Designed by noted English architect Henry G. Harrison in 1880, the Cathedral was consecrated on November 15, 1883. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today Trinity Cathedral is considered one of the most beautiful churches in Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity was begun organized by the Right Reverend David Jackson Kemper on July 13, 1856. The first church was built at South Ninth and Farnam Streets. The congregation lost control of the first church building in 1864; the second building was lost to fire in 1868. The third church was built the next year, and was used until the Cathedral was constructed. The Right Reverend Robert Harper Clarkson broke ground for the new cathedral, later laying the cornerstone on May 25, 1880. The cost of the Cathedral was about $100,000 by the time it was completed three years later.</p><br>
<p>The church served as the base of many Episcopal missions to areas of the western United States. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>It is built in the late Late Gothic Revival style, with rock-faced masonry walls and stone tracery over more than 43 stained glass lancet windows. The church is almost entirely of bluestone from Illinois, in a design that is nearly cruciform with an entry tower extending outward. The exterior of the building has more than six stone crosses at varying points of its roof line. Its design was influenced by the Oxford Movement in the Episcopal church, which led to a revival of medieval styles, as well as an interest in historic design at the time in United States architecture.</p><br>
<p>The interior features Gothic design throughout, including aisles, nave, transept, choir, and a clerestory. The church includes a noted carved oak bishops throne and deans stall.</p><br>
<p>Dobongsan is a mountain in Bukhansan National Park, South Korea. It extends across Seoul, the national capital, and the cities of Yangju and Uijeongbu, in the province of Gyeonggi-do. It has an elevation of 739.5 m. Nearby Dobongsan Station is named after it.</p><br>
<p>It is known for the magnificent rock formations of the Manjangbong, Seoninbong, Jubong, Obong and Uiam Peaks. The Seoninbong Peak has 37 hiking courses, including the famous Bakjwi (Bat) Course. The mountain is also home to Cheonchuksa Temple, the oldest temple in the region, and several other temples including Mangwolsa and Hoeryongsa, as well as a number of beautiful valleys called Donong, Songchu, Obong and Yeongeocheon. Furthermore, it is easily accessible by public transportation.</p><br>
<p>Dobongsan-Obong.jpgObong</p><br>
<p>The John W. Jones House currently stands at 1250 Davis Street, Elmira, New York, across from a historic entrance to Woodlawn Cemetery. It is the former home of John W. Jones and current home of the John W. Jones Museum. It stands on part of its original property, though it originally faced College Avenue. Historically, the house was the private residence of John W. Jones and his family, but changed ownership several times since, and was used as rental property that fell into disrepair. Condemned by the City of Elmira in 1997, Lucy Brown brought it to the public’s attention and with a group of concerned citizens, saved it from demolition. It is now the home to the John W. Jones Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Museum has not been officially opened at the time of writing.</p><br>
<p>The museum emphasizes Elmira’s role as the only regular agency and published station on the Underground Railroad between Philadelphia and St. Catharines, Canada, and explores Mr. Jones’s community involvement and his relationship with his contemporaries. It also highlights the history of African Americans who settled in the Southern Tier of New York and the activity of local abolitionists.</p><br>
<h2>John W. Jones</h2><br>
<p>John W. Jones came to Elmira as an escaped slave from Virginia in the 1840s. He was an active abolitionist and worked extensively with the Underground Railroad. He became sexton of Woodlawn Cemetery. During the American Civil War, he was responsible for burying the Confederate dead from the nearby Elmira prison camp in the section of the cemetery that eventually became Woodlawn National Cemetery. The John W. Jones House is built, at least in part, from portions of the camp sold at auction upon its disbandment. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>East Loch Tarbert, Argyll is a small sea loch on the eastern side of the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland. It is a part of the much larger Loch Fyne. The village of Tarbert lies along the shores of the loch, which is separated from West Loch Tarbert by an isthmus only 1.5 km long.</p><br>
<p>According to Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla, Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, had his longship dragged across this isthmus as part of a campaign to increase his possessions in the Hebrides. He made an arrangement with King Malcolm III of Scotland that he could take possession of land on the west coast around which a ship could sail. Magnus declared that Kintyre had "better land than the best of the Hebrides", and by taking command of his ships tiller and "sailing" across the isthmus he was able to claim the entire peninsula, which remained under Norse rule for more than a dozen years as a result.</p><br>
<p>More than two centuries later Robert the Bruce completed a similar feat during the Scottish Wars of Independence in order to impress the clan chieftains of Argyll. He used tree trunks as rollers.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century Thomas Pennant recorded that sea-going vessels of up to 10 t were being hauled over the isthmus in order to avoid the dangers of storms and tidal races in the seas surrounding the Mull of Kintyre. James Watt surveyed the area and decided that it was feasible to construct a canal between the two lochs. Some 60 years later it was estimated that the cost for a cut without locks would be £90,000 but delays in implementation and the construction of the Crinan canal in 1801 rendered the plan redundant.</p><br>
<p>In the modern era the Tarbert (Loch Fyne) Harbour Commissioners control the loch, an area defined as "from the point of Garvell on the North, to the Oakenhead or Rudha Loigste point on the South". There are various quays and slipways in the inner harbour and 80 pontoon berths for yachts and other leisure craft.</p><br>
<p>West Loch Tarbert, Argyll is a long and narrow sea loch on the western side of the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The head of the loch lies near the village of Tarbert and it reaches the open sea at Ardpatrick Point some 15 km distant.</p><br>
<p>The island of Eilean Ceann na Creige, off the south shore, is connected to the mainland by a causeway. It is the ferry terminal for Islay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around the year 1093, Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway had his longship dragged across the isthmus at Tarbert between West Loch Tarbert and East Loch Tarbert as part of a campaign to increase his possessions in the Hebrides. He made an arrangement with King Malcolm III of Scotland that he could take possession of land on the west coast around which a ship could sail. Magnus declared that Kintyre had "better land than the best of the Hebrides", and by taking command of his ship&#39;s tiller and "sailing" across the isthmus he was able to claim the entire peninsula, which remained under Norse rule for more than a dozen years as a result.</p><br>
<h2>Ferry services</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, Western Ferries began operating a car ferry, with a simple stern-loading ramp, from Kennacraig on the south shore. This served Port Askaig on Islay, in competition with the mail steamer, operated by MacBraynes from West Tarbert near the head of the loch. The new service soon won a significant share of the traffic and stimulated MacBraynes to modernise the Islay route. In January 1970, hoist-loading MV Arran was transferred from the Clyde. She gave two daily return sailings, one each to Port Ellen and Port Askaig, as well as sailings to Craighouse on Jura, Gigha and Colonsay. Over the winter 1972/73, Arran&#39;s hoist and side-ramps were removed, along with the superstructure aft of them. She was converted to a stern-loading vessel, with a stern ramp and an open car deck. In this guise, she took on a new timetable – three double crossings a day between modified terminals at Port Ellen and West Loch Tarbert. Port Askaig was left to Western Ferries.</p><br>
<p>With the introduced of in August 1974, CalMac started to win back Islay traffic. Over the next five years Pioneer became well established, running to Port Ellen and Gigha. In 1978, Caledonian MacBrayne took over the Western Ferries terminal at Kennacraig, with the deeper-draught MV Iona, again providing a service to both Port Ellen and Port Askaig, as well as calling at Gigha. In 1989, the more spacious, became the Islay ship, with the drive-through taking over in 1993. became the main Islay vessel in 2001, with replacing Isle of Arran in 2011 and relegating Hebridean Isles to the second Islay vessel.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
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<p>Tofane is a mountain group in the Dolomites of northern Italy, west of Cortina dAmpezzo in the province of Belluno, Veneto. Most of the Tofane lies within Parco naturale delle Dolomiti dAmpezzo, a nature park.</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The highest peaks of the Tofane group are Tofana di Mezzo (3,244 m), Tofana di Dentro (3,238 m), and Tofana di Rozes (3,225 m). Tofana di Mezzo is the third highest peak in the Dolomites, after Marmolada (3,343 m) and Antelao (3,262 m). All three peaks were first climbed by Paul Grohmann along with local mountain guides, in 1863 (di Mezzo), 1864 (di Rozes) and 1865 (di Dentro).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Dolomites were formed during the Cretaceous Period, approximately 60 million years ago, due to the collision of the African and European continents. The Tofane is largely formed from the Upper Triassic rock Dolomia principale. The strata are perceptibly folded, and the mountains are finally formed by wind, rain, glaciers and rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>A cable lift system (Freccia nel Cielo, "Arrow in the sky") goes from Cortina almost to the top of Tofane di Mezzo. There is only a short walk from the top cable car to the summit. Alternatively the via ferratas VF Punta Anna and VF Gianna Aglio can be used to reach Tofane di Mezzo.</p><br>
<h3>Cabins (rifugi)</h3><br>
<p>Some of the cabins in the Tofane are the Rifugio Angelo Dibona (2,083 m), the Rifugio Giussani (2,580 m), the Rifugio Duca d&#39;Aosta (2,098 m), and the Rifugio Pomedes (2,303 m).</p><br>
<h3>Via ferratas</h3><br>
<p>The via ferratas of Tofane are VF Punta Anna and VF Gianna Aglio on Tofana di Mezzo, VF Lamon and VF Formenton on Tofana di Dentro, and VF Giovanni Lipella on Tofana di Rozes, where there also are tunnel systems from World War I.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the First World War, the Tofane was a battlefield of the Italian Front for clashes between the Italian and Austrian forces. The front lines went through the mountains.</p><br>
<p>At the 1956 Winter Olympics, Mount Tofane hosted five of the six alpine skiing events. It regularly hosts women&#39;s speed events on the World Cup circuit.</p><br>
<p>North Padre Island is a barrier island along the coast of Texas. It and South Padre Island were formed after the creation of the Port Mansfield Channel split Padre Island in two. From north to south, North Padre Island is located in parts of Nueces, Kleberg, Kenedy, and Willacy counties. The northernmost part of the island to the Kleberg County line is part of the city of Corpus Christi.</p><br>
<h2>Corpus Christi</h2><br>
<p>The upper portion of North Padre Island is a district of the city of Corpus Christi. "The Island" as known by locals consists of high income residential housing and condominiums and is a popular fishing destination. The Packery Channel, an inlet which connects the Gulf of Mexico to the Laguna Madre, separates</p><br>
<p>North Padre Island from Mustang Island. There are numerous hotels located on North Padre Island, either along the beach or near the intersection of Texas Highway 361 and Texas Park Road 22, the district&#39;s two only main thoroughfares. Boating is also a popular activity on the island as the residential neighborhoods are connected by a series of canals which lead to the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street Congregational Church is a historic church at 61 Elm Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1885, it is a high quality local example of high Victorian Gothic Revival architecture executed in brick. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The congregation, founded in 1816, is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elm Street Congregational Church is set on the east side of Elm Street, just south of Main Street and opposite Dresser Street. It is a single-story brick structure with elaborate high Victorian styling, oriented with its long side perpendicular to the street, and its main entrance in the transept near its far end. It has a steeply pitched roof with flanking pinnacles, decorative brickwork, and Gothic-arched stained glass windows. Its tower, located at the northeast corner, is square with buttressed sides, but lacks its upper stages, which were blown down in the 1938 New England hurricane and have not been replaced. The church is the only one of its type in the city, but is built of brick compatible with other nearby civic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1816, separating from the towns first congregation, which was interdenominational. It first met in a hall built on the site of the old parish house in 1818, until a new church was built in 1822 at the present location. In 1884 that buildings steeple was blown into the roof by a storm, and the present building was built to replace it the following year. The new building was built at a cost of $17,500 and dedicated on September 4, 1885.</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, formerly the Evangelical Free Church, is a historic church building at 446 Hamilton Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1869 for a nominally non-denominational congregation of senior Hamilton Woolen Company employees, it has house an Episcopal congregation since 1921. The building is architecturally noted for its Romanesque and Gothic Revival features, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The church is located on the north side of Hamilton Street, east of (and across the Quinebaug River from) the former Hamilton Woolen Company mill complex. It is a roughly rectangular brick building, with a steeply pitched front-facing gable roof. A tower rises at the southwest corner, its open belfry framed by paired round-arch openings and topped by a pyramidal roof with a flared edge. The building features are mainly Romanesque, with round-arch windows, paneled nave walls, and corbelled eaves. However, it also has Victorian Gothic touches, including its front entry porch and polychromatic slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1869 by the Hamilton Woolen Company for a nominally non-denominational congregation of its senior employees and owners. The congregation was in practice Congregationalist, and was sometimes referred to derisively as the "Church of the Holy Supervisors". In 1921, with its enrollment declining, the company sold the building to the Holy Trinity Episcopalian congregation, which had been accumulating a building fund since 1909. It was severely damaged by fires in 1930 and 1940, but rebuilt after each one. The parish hall, which extends to the right of the main building, was added in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame Catholic Church is a historic church on Main Street at Marcy Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>It was built from 1912–1916 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Notre Dame Parish was founded in 1869 to serve the needs of the French Canadian community of Southbridge who migrated here beginning in the 1830s. A frame wood church was built shortly thereafter. The second Pastor Msgr Georges Elzar Brochu began to raise funds for a much larger church in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 Msgr Brochu purchased land at the corner of Main and Marcy for the new church. Part of the purchase agreement stipulated that the church could not actually be built until after the death of Mr. Marcy, the prior owner. As a result Msgr Brochu, who died in 1904 was unable to begin construction which was eventually undertaken by his successor, Msgr Louis O. Trigonne after Mr. Marcy died in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame Church was the last of three churches built in Massachusetts for French congregations by Canadian architect Joseph Venne. The others were St. Anthony Church in New Bedford, Massachusetts (Venne&#39;s earliest church in the USA, begun 1902) and Notre Dame Church in Adams, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The building is 190 feet in length and the nave is 75 feet wide. The transept is 123 feet across and the ceiling is 55 feet high. The tower is 210 feet high and offers a spectacular view of Southbridge.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The organ at Notre Dame Church was built in 1916 by the Casavant Frères Pipe Organ Company of Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Opus 649. The large French Romantic instrument of 4 manuals and 42 ranks is capable of performing the full spectrum of organ literature. It is one of the largest and most complete instruments of any Catholic church in the State of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Church Historic District encompasses the complex of buildings associated with the Sacred Heart Church on Charlton Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts. The complex, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, is the second Roman Catholic parish  built to serve Southbridge&#39;s growing Franco-American population. The four buildings in the complex were built between 1909 and 1926 in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The parish was formally established in 1908, and construction on its buildings began in 1909. The first two to be built were the rectory and convent. The rectory, at 40 Charlton Street, is a 2.5 story brick structure with a hipped roof which is pierced by a few gable dormers. Its front facade features a central rounded bay, and both side facades have projecting rectangular bays. The convent is of similar styling, except its front facade features two side rounded bays and a central porch. Its rear facade also features an entry porch.</p><br>
<p>The school, which opened in 1910, was at first run by the Sisters of Nicolette, who also ran the Notre Dame parish school. The building is a large two story brick block, with projecting sections at the center of each side that rise up to the roof line on three sides, and above the main roof line on the front, which features three round Roman arched doorways. The main roof his hipped, as are the roof lines of the projecting sections.</p><br>
<p>The church was not completed until 1926. Unlike the other buildings, it has a marked Gothic character, with Gothic-style arched windows, buttresses, and Gothic ornamental detailing.</p><br>
<p>Yangon Central railway station , located in downtown Yangon, is the largest railway station in Myanmar. It is the gateway to Myanmar Railways&#39; 3,126-mile  rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar , upcountry , Shan hills  and the Taninthayi coast .</p><br>
<p>The station was first built in 1877 by the British but destroyed by the retreating British in 1943 from advancing Japanese forces. The current station designed in traditional Burmese architectural style, making prominent use of indigenous tiered roofs called pyatthat, was completed in 1954, designed by U Tin. Yangon Central railway station has been designated a landmark building since 1996. In December 2007, the Yangon city government announced a master plan that will relocate Yangon Central to a satellite town, East Dagon, 32 km from downtown at an unspecified date.</p><br>
<h2>Lines</h2><br>
<p>The following lines pass through or terminate at Yangon Central:</p><br>
<p>Yangon Circular Railway</p><br>
<p>Yangon–Mandalay railway</p><br>
<p>Yangon–Mawlamyaing railway</p><br>
<p>Yangon–Bagan railway</p><br>
<p>Yangon–Aunglan–Bagan railway</p><br>
<p>Yangon–Pyay railway</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Yangon Central railway station was first built in 1877 by the British to support Burma&#39;s first railway line, from Yangon to Pyay. The station was located on the southern side of the railway compound on the upper block of Phayre Street (now Pansodan Street) in the downtown area. The building was designed in the British Victorian style and the access roads were bordered by grassy lawns. The beauty of the property prompted locals to praise the new structure as the Fairy Station.</p><br>
<p>The station became a favorite target for Japanese bombers during World War II. In 1943 it was destroyed by British forces retreating to India.</p><br>
<p>The station was rebuilt following the war according to a design drawn by engineer Hla Thwin and based on Burmese traditional architectural styles. The new structure was 5110 square meters (55,000 sq ft) in size. To the north were grass lawns, gardens and wide access lanes. The new design was approved by the Railway Authority on 7 May 1946. Construction was started in January 1947 by engineer Sithu U Tin and completed in May 1954 at a total cost of K4.75 million. The opening ceremony of the new Yangon Central railway station was held on 5 June 1954.</p><br>
<p>The structure is listed on the Yangon City Heritage List.</p><br>
